International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy
From: Phytowaste as nutraceuticals in boosting public health
Plants | Bioactive compounds | Test organism | Conc/body weight | Therapeutic activities | Mechanism of action | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tangerine peel | Tangeretin | Rats | (50 mg/kg) | rheumatoid arthritis protection | Decreased the oxidative stress damage through decreasing the IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and PGE2 levels, regulates inflammatory cytokine expression, suppression of the accumulation of MDA products, enhancing the IL-10 and the activity of antioxidant enzymes through upregulation of Nrf-2 signaling pathway. | [150] |
Apple peel | Ursolic acid | Mice | (50 mg/kg) | rheumatoid arthritis | decreased the levels of stress mediators related to synovial inflammation, such as KC/CXCL-1 levels by 95%, TNF-a levels by 76%, and IL-1b levels by 57%, | [125] |
A. comosus fruit peel | Flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids and phytosterols | Freund’s adjuvant rat | 500 mg/kg b.w. | Anti-rheumatic activity | Rat paw swelling reduction, increased levels of SOD, CAT and GPx in liver, kidney and spleen, and reducing the levels of C-reactive proteins (CRP) and prostaglandins (PGE2) in serum of arthritic rats. | [149] |
Potatoes peel | phenolic compounds and glycoalkaloids caffeic acid chlorogenic acid, tryptophan, α-solanine, α-chaconine, tyrosine | Mice cell based assays | 10 and 20% | Antiobesity/ Supplement for weight loss | decreased expression of the gene for fatty acid synthase, less fat storage, as indicated by a reduced expression of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1gene, reduced transcription of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter and reduced transcription of the lipoprotein lipase gene | [152] |
C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (citrange) fruit peel | neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, poncirin, naringenin, nobiletin and tangeretin. | Female mice | 1% w/w | Ameliorate obesity | The down-regulation of expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ PPARγ) and its target genes, Reduction of the expression levels of liver X receptor (LXR) α and β, which are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism | [153] |
immature Citrus sunki peel |  |  |  | Ameliorate obesity | increased β-oxidation and lipolysis in the adipose tissue of high fat diet-induced obesity mice | [151] |
pomegranate seed oil | linolenic acid, | Mice | Â | decreased weight gain | higher levels of leptin, lower levels of adiponectin | [66] |
Mimusops balata peel and seed | Taxifolin | Mice | 300 mg/kg | antiulcerogenic activity | gastric volume reduction, pH, total acidity, and pepsin activity in the gastric juice maintained GSH levels, reduction of LPO content, inhibition of neutrophil migration | [154] |
Banana (M. sapientum L.) peel | 7,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-isochromanone-4 | Rats | Â | antihypertensive activity | ACE inhibitor | [137] |
purple passion fruit peel | Quercetin, edulilic acid | Humans | 150 mg/d | reduces wheeze and cough and improves shortness of breath in adults with asthma | Nitric oxide lowering effect, inhibit histamine release, arachidonic acid metabolism, and cytokine production | [20] |
Orange peel | Hesperidin | Human skin keratinocyte line HaCaT cells | 220 μg/ml) | Photoprotection, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacities in skin injuries | Reduced UVA-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response, elevate SOD activity and significantly decreased MDA content and increased the total antioxidative capacity levels | [141] |
litchi and rambutan peel and tamarind seed | Phenols | B16F10 melanoma cells | 0.25 mg/ml 0.0001–0.01 mg/ml | skin aging treatment | Extracts suppress melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells through inhibition of tyrosinase and TRP-2 | [139] |
Citrus limetta Risso peel | flavonoids, carotenoids, dietary fiber, sugars, polyphenols, essential oils, and ascorbic acid | mice/cell lines | 20 μL/ear/time | alleviates skin inflammation | reduced lipid peroxidation, the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear thickness, ear weight, pro-inflammatory cytokines production and ameliorate the histological damage in the ear tissue | [119] |