Table 1 Effect of S. alata leaf extract on metabolic parameters in HFD-induced obese mice

Body weight (g)

44.0 ± 0.70

50.0 ± 1.68^*

48.6 ± 1.20 ^*

48.7 ± 1.13 ^*

FBG (mM)

5.5 ± 0.14

9.9 ± 0.61^*

7.5 ± 0.28^{*, **}

7.4 ± 0.16 ^{*, **}

Insulin (ng/mL)

0.6 ± 0.06

3.6 ± 0.23 ^*

2.4 ± 0.26 ^{*, **}

2.3 ± 0.25 ^{*, **}

HOMA-IR

3.8 ± 0.41

37.7 ± 3.08^*

19.2 ± 1.84 ^{*, **}

18.7 ± 2.96 ^{*, **}

Leptin (ng/mL)

1.3 ± 0.28

15.0 ± 1.15 ^*

10.3 ± 0.72^{*, **}

10.0 ± 0.72^{*, **}

Adiponectin (pg/mL)

7.6 ± 0.25

5.9 ± 0.44 ^*

9.1 ± 0.31^{*, **}

9.6 ± 0.26 ^{*, **}

MCP-1 (pg/mL)

3.9 ± 0.46

16.2 ± 1.10 ^*

5.0 ± 0.67^**

3.9 ± 0.50^**

TNF-α (pg/mL)

5.1 ± 0.70

18.5 ± 1.52 ^*

10.6 ± 0.72^{*, **}

8.7 ± 0.61^{*, **}