Table 2 The antimicrobial activity of ginger essential oils

Brazilian ginger oil

α-zingiberene

β-sesquiphellandrene

ar-curcumene

α-farnesene

β-bisabolene

geranial

Disc diffusion

-

Sensitive Microorganisms

 Staphylococcus aureus

 Listeria monocytogenes,

 Pseudomonas aeruginosa

 Salmonella typhimurium

Resistant Microorganisms

 Shigella flexneri

 Escherichia coli

[24]

Ginger oil

-

Microcalorimetry

-

The higher sensitivity of S. aureus than E. coli

[28]

Chinese ginger oil

-

Microbroth dilution assay (mg/ml)

-

S. aureus (8.69)

B. subtilis (86.92)

E. coli (173.84)

Pencillium spp. (869.2)

A. niger (inactive)

[29]

Ginger oil

-

Agar diffusion

Microbroth Dilution assay

Tea tree oil

Acinetobacter baumannii (6 mm)

MDR-A. baumannii (10 mm)

MDR-A. baumannii (MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ 2, 4 mg/ml)

[30]

Vietnam ginger oil

ar-cucumene

β-bisabolene

α-zingiberene

β-sesquiphellandrene

Agar Diffusion Cup Method (mm)

-

S. epidermidis (12-12.5)

S. aureus (11.5)

B. pumilus (10.0-10.6)

B. subtilis (12.2-13.0)

E. coli (12)

P. aeruginosa (inactive)

Salmonella abony (11.0)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (16.0-17.0)

C. albicans (13-14.1)

A. niger (32.3)

Rhizopus nigricans (17-17.4)

Penicillium sp. (38-39.5)

Botrytis cinerea (30.0)

[22]

Ginger oil

-

Disk diffusion assay

Broth dilution assay

-

Weak inhibitor against S. pneumoniae R36A

[31]

Algerian ginger oil

citral (30.8%)

zingiberene (17.1%)

Geranyl acetate (6.7%)

1,8-cineol (6.1%)

β-Sesquiphellandrene (5.9%)

Disk diffusion assay (mm)

sulfamethoxazole, penicillin G, ampicillin and gentamicin

S. aureus (9)

B. subtilis( 13)

S. pyogenes (11)

P. aeruginosa (9)

Candida koseri (inactive)

A. niger (inactive)

S. typhi (10)

[23]

Indian ginger oil

-

disc diffusion method

Microdilution assay

Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole

T. rubrum (72 mm, <0.06 μl/ml)

M. gypseum (69 mm, 0.06 μl/ml)

[33]

Ginger oil

zingiberene (37.65 %)

δ-amorphene (19.8%)

α-curcumin (11.3%)

α-bisabolene (10.4%)

Antifungal activity

Antiaflatoxigenic activity

-

significant effects on A. flavus and aflatoxin B₁ and B₂

[34]

Ginger oil

zingiberene (37.65 %)

δ-amorphene (19.8%)

α-curcumin (11.3%)

α-bisabolene (10.4%)

Microbroth dilution assay

-

Fusarium verticillioides (MIC 2.5 mg/ml)

[18]