Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and GC-MS profiling of Saussurea obvallata (Brahma Kamal) from Uttarakhand Himalaya

Table 1 Quantitative estimation of total phenolic, total flavonoid and free radical scavenging activity by DPPH and H₂O₂ assays in aqueous and methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of Saussurea obvallata

Plant extract	Yield of the extracts (%)	TPC (mg GAE g⁻¹ dw ± SE)	TFC (mg QE g^− 1 dw ± SE)	DPPH (% S. activity ± SE)	H₂O₂ (% S. activity ± SE)
L1	13.70	139.50 ± 0.29^c	229.46 ± 1.55^b	49.67 ± 0.38^c	39.75 ± 0.36
L2	19.80	358.67 ± 0.17^a	188.38 ± 1.02^c	73.48 ± 0.44^b	41.05 ± 0.46
F1	13.14	132.67 ± 0.17^d	326.88 ± 2.11^a	29.25 ± 0.86^d	40.12 ± 0.40
F2	11.67	185.00 ± 0.00^b	65.73 ± 1.55^d	82.88 ± 0.48^a	40.76 ± 0.27

Values are expressed in mean ± standard error; Mean values followed by the same letter (s) in a column are not significantly different (p < 0.05) based on DMRT; TPC total phenolic content, TFC total flavonoid content, DPPH 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, H₂O₂ hydrogen peroxide, L1& L2 aqueous and methanolic extract of leaves, F1 & F2 aqueous and methanolic extract of flowers, respectively