Cytogenotoxic and mutagenic profiling of cashew nut shell liquids and cardanol

Clinical Phytoscience

International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy

Table 1 Overview of damage and damage rate (mean ± SD) in bone marrow cells of mice after 24 h of oral (p.o.) administration of nCNSL, iCNSL and Cardanol

Groups		Sex	Damage Index	Frequency of Damage
NC^a (10 ml/kg)		M	15.0 ± 3.6	14.8 ± 3.4
NC^a (10 ml/kg)		F	10.2 ± 1.3	10.2 ± 1.3
PC^b (50 mg/kg)		M	120.2 ± 10.8^a	98.6 ± 1.3^a
PC^b (50 mg/kg)		F	98.8 ± 1.3^a	98.8 ± 1.3^a
nCNSL (mg /kg)	17.3	M	64.2 ± 36.5	60.0 ± 32.5
	17.3	F	59.8 ± 29.8	52.8 ± 26.6
	34.7	M	54.2 ± 21.2	47.2 ± 37.0
	34.7	F	76.6 ± 16.1^c	64.2 ± 11.0^c
	69.5	M	48.0 ± 30.4	39.8 ± 19.2
	69.5	F	86.6 ± 14.8^b	67.0 ± 4.4^a
iCNSL (mg /kg)	17.3	M	13.2 ± 5.2	12.0 ± 5.4
	17.3	F	16.2 ± 12.1	16.2 ± 12.1
	34.7	M	20.8 ± 13.0	13.6 ± 3.4
	34.7	F	17.2 ± 6.3	16.6 ± 6.6
	69.5	M	21.4 ± 11.6	21.2 ± 11.4
	69.5	F	19.0 ± 18.1	19.0 ± 18.1
Cardanol (mg /kg)	17.3	M	47.0 ± 21.5	40.4 ± 8.3
	17.3	F	62.2 ± 12.6^b	51.8 ± 5.5^b
	34.7	M	43.4 ± 6.1	37.6 ± 5.3^b
	34.7	F	66.4 ± 7.4^b	55.4 ± 4.2^a
	69.5	M	47.0 ± 21.7	44.4 ± 9.3
	69.5	F	61.2 ± 12.13^b	51.8 ± 5.5^b

NC: negative control (DW); PC: positive control (cyclophosphamide); nCNSL/iCNSL/Cardinol (17.3, 347 and 69.5 mg/kg); index of damage (ID): 0 (no damage, 0 × 100 cells) 400 (maximum damage, 4 × 100 cells); frequency of damage (FD): based on the number of cells with tail-tail cell lines; significance compared to the negative control ^a p <0.0001; ^b p <0.01; ^c p <0.05; two-way ANOVA (with non-parametric test) followed by Tukey’s test (n = 10 animals; M5:F5)