International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy
Table 2 In vivo and in vitro studies of medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Morocco
From: Ethnopharmacological review of medicinal plants used to manage diabetes in Morocco
Family | Plant species | Vernacular name | Plant extracts used | Dose (s) used | Models used in the study | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amaranthaceae | Anabasis aretioides Moq. & Coss. ex Bunge | Chajra ma yeharrekha rih/sellii | Aqueous extract of aerial part | 5 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significant reduction on blood glucose levels in STZ rats (p < 0.0001) | [41] |
Amaranthaceae | Atriplex halimus L. | Legtef | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 200 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Aqueous extract produced 54% (P < 0.001) decrese in fasting blood glucose levels compared to the initial fasting blood glucose levels prior to the treatment | [42] |
Amaranthaceae | Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants | Mkhinza | Crude extract of the leaves | 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Reduction in blood glucose in case of crude treatment groups, as compared with that of the control group | [43] |
Amaryllidaceae | Allium ampeloprasum L. | Borro | Essential oils from the green parts | 150 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The essential oil of A. ampeloprasum decreased the blood glucose level significantly (P < 0.05) at the dose of 200 mg/kg. | [44] |
Amaryllidaceae | Allium cepa L. | Basla | Aqueous extracts of the whole plant | 200, 250 or 300 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | A.cepa at 200 mg/kg reduced fasting blood glucose levels by 62.9% (292.3 ± 29.0 to 108.2 ± 4.6), at 250 mg/kg it reduced fasting blood glucose levels by 69.7% (296.3 ± 37.8 to 89.8 ± 4.3) whereas at 300 mg/kg it reduced it by 75.4% (297.8 ± 37.5 to 73.4 ± 3.0) | [45] |
Amaryllidaceae | Allium sativum L. | Tiskert /Touma | Aqueous extract of the bulbs | 500 mg / kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | At weeks 2, 5 and 7 of garlic extract treatment, the serum glucose levels of the garlic-treated diabetic rats were reduced by 29%, 68% and 57%, respectively in comparison to control diabetic rats. | [46] |
Anacardiaceae | Pistacia atlantica Desf. | Btem/Igg/Drou | N-hexane extract of the seeds | 200 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The administration of P. atlantica extracts body wt. tended to bring the blood glucose significantly toward normal values from the beginning of the experiment | [47] |
Anacardiaceae | Pistacia lentiscus L. | Trou/Tidekt | Crude gum | 100 mg / kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | After 6 h, there was decreased in blood glucose (280.8 ± 9.0) but after 24 h crude Pistacia gum showed significant decrease(195.2 ± 20.4) as compared to diabetic untreated rats (352.4 ± 23.6) | [48] |
Apiaceae | Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. | Bachnikha / Barghanisse | Aqueous extract of fruits | 20 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significant decrease of blood glucose in normal rats 6 h after a single oral administration (P < 0.005) and 9 days after repeated oral administration (P < 0.05). | [49] |
Apiaceae | Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. | Kamoun soufi | Aqueous extract of fruits | 10 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significant reduction in blood glucose levels after four (p < 0.01) and 6 h (p < 0.001) of treatment. This effect was more pronounced than glibenclamide which caused a significant decrease in blood glucose at the fourth (p < 0.05) and sixth (p < 0.01) hour after oral administration | [50] |
Apiaceae | Apium graveolens L. | Krafess | Hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of stalk and leaves | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Maximum percentage of blood glucose reduction in normoglycemic mice at 8 h with 400 mg/kg doses of chloroform extract was 37%. However, hexane extract and methanol extract at the same doses produce only a small effect | [51] |
Apiaceae | Carum carvi L. | Lkarwya | Ethanolic extract of the seeds | 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significantly decreased serum glucose and insulin in diabetic rats in 3 and 5 h but not in healthy rats. | [52] |
Apiaceae | Coriandrum sativum L | Kosbor | Aqueous extract of fruits | 250 and 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The aqueous extract of fruits decreased the blood glucose level statistically significant when compared with diabetic control | [53] |
Apiaceae | Cuminum cyminum L. | Kamoun | Ethanolic extract of the seeds | 250 mg / kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Around 17.7% and 17.1% decline in blood glucose levels at 0–300 and 0–1440 min, respectively, on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [54] |
Apiaceae | Daucus carota L. | Khizou | Alcoholic extract of the seeds | 100, 200, 300 mg / kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The administration of D. carota seeds extract (300 mg/kg) for 3 days decreased glucose serum level (p < 0.05) | [55] |
Apiaceae | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Nafaa | Essential oil extracted from the whole plant | 30 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Ingestion of essential oil corrected the hyperglycemia from (162.5 ± 3.19 mg/dl) to (81.97 ± 1.97 mg/dl) with p < 0.05 | [56] |
Apiaceae | Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss | Maadnouss | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 2 g/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Diabetic rats showed a gradual reduce in blood glucose levels over days 14—42. Maximum reduction in the blood glucose levels was observed on the day 42, and the reduction was about 50%. | [10] |
Apiaceae | Pimpinella anisum L. | Habbat hlawa | Different fractions of methanolic extract (hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, aqueous) | 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/ml | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | At the concentration of 500 μg/ml, the sequence of inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α- glucosidase activities respectively had the order as follows: Ethyl acetate (94% and 87%) > hexane (93% and 86%) > benzene (91% and 85%) > methanol (84% and 83%) > aqueous (81% and 79%) > n-butanol (75% and 77%). | [57] |
Apocynaceae | Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. | Turja | Chloroform extract of leaves and flowers | 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The reduction in serum glucose levels was better on the 21st and 27th days of treatment | [58] |
Apocynaceae | Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. | Daghmous | Methanolic extract of the aerial parts | 250, 300 mg / kg BW | Alloxan-induced diabetes in mice | The methanolic extract exhibited a continuous marked reduction of blood glucose levels (P < 0.001) particularly 6–8–10 h after treatment in diabetic mice | [59] |
Apocynaceae | Nerium oleander L. | Defla/Alili | Methanolic extract of the leaves | 50 and 200 mg/kg BW | Alloxan-induced diabetes in mice | Glucose level was lowered from 255.66 ± 1.52 mg/dl on day 0 to 67.00 ± 6.24 mg/dl in day 20, accounting for a significant (p < 0.001) 73.79% decrease | [60] |
Arecaceae | Chamaerops humilis L. | Dum /Tiguezden / Ignadd | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 10 mg / kg BW | Experimentally induced obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlidemia (OHH) in rats | The plasma glucose levels of the OHH rats decreased significantly with daily dosing with the plant-extract [from baseline 12.04 ± 0.94 mmol/L to 6.10 ± 0.27 mmol/L (P < 0.05) after 15 days, and to 4.84 ± 0.22 mmol/L (P < 0.001) after 30 days] | [61] |
Arecaceae | Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. | Dum/karur | Aqueous suspension of the pulp | 1 g/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significant reduction on blood glucose levels in STZ rats (P < 0.05) | [62] |
Arecaceae | Phoenix dactylifera L. | Tmar | Ethanolic extract of the leaves | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | A significant antidiabetic effect at 400 mg/kg was observed starting from the 6th day onwards (P < 0.05), and from 10th days onwards for 200 mg/kg | [63] |
Brassicaceae | Anastatica hierochuntica L. | Chajarat Maryem/lkemcha | Water extract of the aerial parts | 12.5 mg/rat | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The administration of the plant extract induced a hypoglycemic effect in both normoglycemic and diabetic rats. It also caused significant improvement in tissue injury induced by STZ | [64] |
Brassicaceae | Brassica napus L. | Left | Hydro-alcoholic extract | 16 ml/ kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Significantly decrease of blood glucose compared to diabetic control rats (P < 0.05) | [65] |
Brassicaceae | Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch | Elkhardel | Chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of the seeds | 200 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The dministration of aqueous extract daily once for 1 month brought down fasting serum glucose levels | [66] |
Brassicaceae | Brassica oleracea L. | Krunb mkawar/melfuf | Different fractions (Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform) of ethanolic extract of the leaves | 150 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Significant reduction on blood glucose levels (P < 0.05) | [67] |
Brassicaceae | Brassica rapa L. | Left beldi | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 200 and 400 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Both doses significantly decreased (p < 0.001) blood glucose levels in diabetic rats after 28 days of administration | [68] |
Brassicaceae | Lepidium sativum L. | Hab errechad | Seed powder | 3 g / kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in fasting blood glucose levels | [69] |
Brassicaceae | Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Gernunes | Hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves | 100 and 200 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Treatment of diabetic rats for 4 weeks with Nasturtium officinale extract significantly decreased their serum glucose levels | [70] |
Brassicaceae | Raphanus sativus L. | Lfjel | Root juice | 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Maximum reduction of 15.9% (p < 0.001) in blood glucose level at 3 h in normal rats, whereas the reduction observed was by 23.8 and 28.3% (p < 0.001) in sub- and mild-diabetic rats, respectively | [71] |
Buxaceae | Buxus sempervirens L. | Lbeks | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 5 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The aqueous extract reduced the blood glucose of both healthy and diabetic rats. This extract was also able to improve oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats and it ameliorated hepatic histology | [72] |
Cactaceae | Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill. | Lhndia/Aknari | Water extract of the whole plant | 100 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significantly decrease of blood glucose compared to diabetic control rats (P < 0.05) | [73] |
Capparaceae | Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. | Ignin | Aqueous and ethanolic extract of the stem | 250 and 500 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The fasting blood glucose level decreases by 58.5, 83.6% (aqueous extract) and 60.2, 98.51 (ethanolic extract) after 21st day in diabetic rats treated with a different doses of 250 mg and 500 mg/kg BW respectively | [74] |
Capparaceae | Capparis spinosa L. | Kabar /Taylulut | Hydroalcoholic extract of the root | 0.2 and 0.4 g/ kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Glucose levels significantly decreased after treating with plant extract (p = 0.003) | [75] |
Cistaceae | Cistus laurifolius L. | Agullid | Aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves | 250 and 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The blood glucose levels of the STZ-induced diabetic rats were decreased by ethanol extract as compared to control group (16%–34%) | [76] |
Compositae | Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. | Iguntas /Tagundecht | Aqueous extract of the roots | 150 and 300 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The significant reduction (p < 0.01) of blood glucose was observed at 60 and 120 min of the experiment | [77] |
Compositae | Artemisia absinthium L. | Chiba | Ethanol extract of the whole plant | 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | A time-dependent significant hypoglycemic activity in medium dose (500 mg/kg BW, P < 0.01) and high dose (1000 mg/kg BW, P < 0.001), which was clearly after day 10 treatment period | [78] |
Compositae | Artemisia herba-alba Asso | Izri/Chih dwidi | Aqueous extract of the aerial parts | 0.39 g/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The administration of Artemisia herba-alba indicates significant (P < 0.05) reduction of blood glucose concentration and was found to be antidiabetic | [79] |
Compositae | Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. | Babounj | Aqueous extract of the aerial parts | 20 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The blood glucose levels were decreased from 6.1 ± 0.06 mmol/l to 4.6 ± 0.17 mmol/l (P < 0.01) and from 21.1 ± 1.31 mmol/l to 13.7 ± 0.90 mmol/l (P < 0.01) in normal and STZ diabetic rats, respectively, after 15 days of treatment. | [80] |
Compositae | Cichorium intybus L. | Buaggad | Ethanolic extract of the whole plant | 125 mg / kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The daily administration for 14 days to diabetic rats attenuated serum glucose by 20%, triglycerides by 91% and total cholesterol by 16% | [81] |
Compositae | Lactuca sativa L. | Khes | Lactucaxanthin isolated from Lactuca sativa | 6.854 μg | α-Amylase and α-glucosidase assays using streptozotocin -induced diabetic rat models | Lactucaxanthin significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase | [82] |
Compositae | Matricaria chamomilla L. | Mansania | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 200 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The administration of Matricaria chamomilla once daily for 21 days reduced the elevated Fasted Blood Glucose by 62.2% (p < 0.001) | [83] |
Compositae | Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund | Lhandba | Aqueous extract and methanol extract of roots, flowers and stems | 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μg/ml | α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibiting activity | The stem showed the highest overall inhibitory effect of both (alpha amylase + alpha glucosidase) as an average of about 87.2% | [84] |
Compositae | Warionia saharae Benthem ex Benth. & Coss. | Afssas | Aqueous extract of the aerial parts | 5 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The blood glucose levels were decreased in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats after 15 days of treatment | [85] |
Cucurbitaceae | Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. | Aferziz/lhdej | Chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of the root | 200 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Aqueous extract showed significant reduction in blood sugar level (58.70%) when compared with chloroform (34.72%) and ethanol extracts (36.60%) (p < 0.01) | [86] |
Cucurbitaceae | Cucumis sativus L. | Lkhiar | Ethanol extract of the fruit | 200 and 400 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The hyperglycemia was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered by the administration of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight ethanol extract | [87] |
Cucurbitaceae | Cucurbita maxima Duchesne | Garaa lhamra | Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and alcohol extract of the seeds | 200 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The blood glucose concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased compared to control | [88] |
Cucurbitaceae | Cucurbita pepo L. | Takhsait/curjt | Fruit powder | 2 g/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Significantly decrease of blood glucose compared to diabetic control rats (P < 0.05) | [89] |
Cupressaceae | Juniperus phoenicea L. | Araar finiqui | Essential oil, hexane and methanol extracts of the leaves | 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL | α-Amylase inhibition assay | The IC50 values of essential oil, hexane and methanol extracts against α-amylase were 35.44, 30.15 and 53.76 μg/mL respectively, and those against pancreatic lipase were 66.15, 68.47 and 60.22 μg/mL respectively | [90] |
Cyperaceae | Cyperus rotundus L. | Tara | Hydro-ethanolic extract of the tubers | 200 and 500 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | This hyperglycemia was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered by the administration of Hydro-ethanolic extract | [91] |
Ericaceae | Arbutus unedo L. | Sasnu | Water extract of the roots | 500 mg/kg BW | Oral glucose tolerance test in rats (OGTT) | The water extract produced a decrease of glycemia at 1 h and 3 h after glucose loading (21.1%, p < 0.05 and 14.1%, p < 0.05, respectively) | [92] |
Euphorbiaceae | Ricinus communis L. | Awriwer/Lkharwaa | Ethanolic extract of the root | 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Five-hundred milligram per kilogram body weight appeared to be the effective dose as it caused the maximum lowering of the fasting blood glucose | [93] |
Leguminosae | Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek | Soja | Raw, boiled, and sprouted mung beans | Not mentioned | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were higher (p < 0.05) in sprouted mung compared to raw mung and boiled mung. | [94] |
Leguminosae | Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp | Ful gnawa | Seed oil | 100 and 200 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Significant reduction in blood glucose level was noted and at the dose of 200 mg/kg.b.wt serum glucose level was found to be very close to the non-diabetic control | [95] |
Gentianaceae | Centaurium erythraea Rafn | Qusset elhayya / Ahchlaf ntawrra | Aqueous and butanolic extracts of the aerial parts | 0,015 ml / 100 g and 0,66 ml / 100 g BW | Oral glucose tolerance test overload “OGTT” | The administration of extracts has reduced significantly glycemia compared to controls at t60, t90, t120 and t180 min | [96] |
Iridaceae | Crocus sativus L. | Zaafran lhor | Ethanolic Extract of stigma | 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The dose of 40 mg/kg was found to be more effective dose in intraperitoneally route for decreasing blood glucose level | [97] |
Juglandaceae | Juglans regia L. | Swak / Gargaa | Alcoholic extract of the leaves | 200 and 400 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The extract reduced the hyperglycemia significantly compared to control group (P < 0.05) | [98] |
Lamiaceae | Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. | Timerna nzenkhad/ Chndkoura | Lyophilised aqueous extract of the whole plant | 10 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significant reduction in blood glucose level in normal rats as compared to the untreated groups and to the pre-treatment levels (0 h) (793.96 mg/dl at 6 h vs 100.73.34 mg/dl at 0 h, P < 0.01) | [99] |
Lamiaceae | Lavandula angustifolia Mill | Elkhzama zerqa/ Elkhzama Fassiya | Methanolic extract of the whole plant | 12.5–400 μg/ml | Inhibitory effects on both hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and pancreatic lipase (PL) | The extract inhibited HSL activity in a dose dependent manner with an IC50 of 175.5 μg/ml. Likewise, it inhibited the PL activity in a dose dependent manner with an IC50 of 56.5 μg/ml | [100] |
Lamiaceae | Lavandula stoechas L. | Imzeria/Tikenkert/Lhalhal | Essential oil extracted from the aerial parts | 50 mg / kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Lavandula stoechas essential oils significantly protected against the increase of blood glucose | [101] |
Lamiaceae | Marrubium vulgare L. | Mriwt/Ifzi | Methanolic extract of the aerial parts | 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | a highly significant reduction in the plasma glucose level starting at the 14th day of treatment, compared to before treatment (day 0) | [102] |
Lamiaceae | Ocimum basilicum L. | Lahbaq | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 20, 18.2, 16.3 and 14.5 mg/ml | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | The aqueous extract showed strong a-glucosidase and a-amylase inhibiting activities | [103] |
Lamiaceae | Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Azir | Ethanolic extract of the leaves | 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW | Alloxan-diabetic rabbits | The highest dose (200 mg/kg) significantly lowered blood glucose level and increased serum insulin concentration in alloxan-diabetic rabbits | [104] |
Lamiaceae | Salvia officinalis L. | Salmia | Ethanolic extract of the leaves | 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The effect of administration of extract and glibenclamide tended to bring serum glucose and insulin towards normal values | [105] |
Lamiaceae | Teucrium polium L. | Tawerart/Flyou lbour/jaaidia | Aqueous decoction of the aerial parts | 5 ml (20% w/v) | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | significant reductions in blood glucose concentration 4 h after intravenous administration and 24 h after intraperitoneal administration | [106] |
Lamiaceae | Thymus satureioides Coss. | Asserkna/ Ziitra | Aqueous extract of the aerial parts | 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Administration of aqueous extract to diabetic rats for 28 d reduced their fasting blood glucose levels significantly compared to the diabetic control rats | [107] |
Lamiaceae | Thymus vulgaris L. | Aduchen /Azukni / Zaitra | Methanol, ethanol and aqueous extract of the whole plant | 2, 4, 8, 10, 15 μg/ml | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | The results of anti-diabetic activity produced by Thymus vulgaris showed that the volatile compounds were effective to α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition. | [108] |
Lauraceae | Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl | Qarfa | Aqueous extract of the bark | 60 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | A highly significant (P < 0.001) decrease in mean fasting blood glucose level, 203.5 ± 13.47 on 10th and 191.5 ± 12.72 on15th day as compared to mean fasting blood glucose level | [109] |
Lauraceae | Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | Dar essini | Aqueous extract of the bark | 200, 400, 600 and 1200 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | After 30 days, the administration of diabetic rats with the lowest dose (200 mg/kg BW) of extracts was the most efficient in affecting significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the levels of fasting blood glucose | [110] |
Lauraceae | Laurus nobilis L. | Ourak sidna moussa/ Rand | Essential oil and its three main components | 0.606 to 1.300 μl/mL | α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | Essential oil was found to inhibit α-glucosidase over 90%. The IC50-value of the oil was determined to be 1.748 ± 0.021 μL/mL | [111] |
Lauraceae | Persea americana Mill. | Lavoca | Aqueous extract of the seeds | 20, 30, 40 g/l | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The extract possessed a significant hypoglycaemic (P < 0.05) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, comparable to the effect glibenclamide | [112] |
Leguminosae | Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile | Amur/Sllaha | Aqueous methanolic extract of pods | 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg BW | Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits | A dose of 400 mg/kg BW maximally reduced the blood glucose levels as compared to the diabetic group (p < 0.001). | [113] |
Leguminosae | Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. | Laalek | Ethyl acetate extract of stem bark | 200 and 400 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | In diabetic rats, both the doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of ethyl acetate extract were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) active in comparison to control | [114] |
Leguminosae | Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne | Telh/Tadoute | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 800 mg/kg BW | Diagnostic kits Spectrophotometrically in rats | The administration of aqueous extract for seven consecutive days caused significant (P < 0.05) decrease in blood glucose | [115] |
Leguminosae | Arachis hypogaea L. | Lgerta/Kawkaw | Aqueous extract of the seeds | 2 ml | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The extract caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease of fasting blood glucose of both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [116] |
Leguminosae | Faidherbia albida (Delile) A.Chev. | Chok/Talh/Mimouza | Aqueous extract of stem bark | 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The queous extract possessed anti-hyperglycemic effect in alloxan induced diabetic rats | [117] |
Leguminosae | Glycine max (L.) Merr. | Soja | Petroleum ether, alcoholic and aqueous extract of seeds | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract showed onset at the 2nd h; peak effect at the 4th h and the antihyperglycemic effect was sustained till the 24th h | [118] |
Leguminosae | Lupinus albus L. | Tirms/Foul gnawa | Aqueous extract of seed coat | 18.4 and 36.8 mg/kg BW | Glucose Resistant Mice | Decrease in blood glucose at 30 min relative to control, but this difference was not significant for either concentration | [119] |
Leguminosae | Medicago sativa L. | Fassa | Aqueous extract of seeds | 7 mg/100 g BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The aqueous extract has hypoglycemic effect by increasing insulin level and decreasing insulin resistance | [120] |
Leguminosae | Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Lubya | Seeds | 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW | Induction of hyperglycemia in rats by administration of glucose | Seeds of P. vulgaris at a dosage of 300 g/kg bw is showing maximal blood glucose lowering effect in diabetic rats after third hour | [121] |
Leguminosae | Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb | Rtam/Allug | Methanolic extract of the fruits | 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The extracts at 250 or 500 mg/kg significantly lowered blood glucose levels at the 3rd and 1st week of treatment, respectively | [63] |
Leguminosae | Trigonella foenum-graecum L. | Lhelba/Tifidas | Alcoholic extract of the seeds | 1, 2 and 4 g | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Significant reduction on blood glucose levels was seen with alcoholic extract (74.33 ± 4.77 to 60.56 ± 1.9 in normal rats and 201.25 ± 7.69 to 121.25 ± 6.25 in diabetic rats) (P < 0.001) | [122] |
Linaceae | Linum usitatissimum L. | Zariat elkattan | Ethanolic extract of the seeds | 200 and 400 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The extract significantly reduced serum glucose level. The antihyperglycaemic effects showed onset at 4th h (P < 0.001) and peak effect at 6th h (P < 0.001) | [123] |
Lythraceae | Lawsonia inermis L. | Lhenna | Ethanolic extract of the whole plant | 150, 300 and 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significantly decreased level of blood glucose. The effect of dose o 500 mg/kg BW was found to be better then 150 and 300 mg/kg BW | [124] |
Lythraceae | Punica granatum L. | Rman | Ethanolic extract of the leaves | 500 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Significant decrease (P < 0.01) in blood glucose level in comparison to control group | [125] |
Malvaceae | Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench | Lmloukhia | Peel and seed powder | 100 and 200 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significant (P < 0.001) reduction in blood glucose level and increase in body weight than diabetic control rats | [126] |
Malvaceae | Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | Karkadi/Bissam | Aqueous extracts of the calyces | 10–80 μg/mL | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | The extracts caused inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in vitro | [127] |
Moraceae | Ficus carica L. | Tazart/Lkarmous/Karma/chriha/Elbakur | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 2.5 g/100 ml | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The extract decreased (p < 0,025) plasma glucose in diabetic (27.9 ± 4.5 mmol/L to 19.6 ± 9.9 mmol/L) while not in normal rats | [128] |
Moraceae | Morus alba L. | Tut lbari | Alcohol extract of the root bark | 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | A significant decline in serum glucose level to a value of 155 mg/dl, P < 0.05 as compared to STZ-diabetic rats | [129] |
Musaceae | Musa × paradisiaca L. | Banan | Ethanolic extracts of leaves, fruit peels, stems and roots | 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Only leaves and ripe fruit peels showed promising antidiabetic effect | [130] |
Myristicaceae | Myristica fragrans Houtt. | Lgouza | Petroleum ether extract of the seeds | 100 and 200 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | A significant decrease in blood glucose level from 56.5 ± 3.19 (0 h) to 49.75 ± 2.05 mg% (4 h) in normoglycaemic rats | [131] |
Myrtaceae | Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. | Calitus | Essential oil extracted from the leaves | 0.10 and 0.25 ml | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | Both α-amylase and α-glucosidase were inhibited by a non-competitive mechanism | [132] |
Myrtaceae | Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | Calitus | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 150 and 300 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The aqueous extract exhibited a significant and dose-dependent effect on the blood glucose levels (P < 0.001). The highest dose (300 mg/kg) produced the most pronounced lowering of blood glucose levels | [133] |
Myrtaceae | Myrtus communis L. | Rihane | Hydroalcoholic, water, and ethanol extracts of the leaves | 2 and g/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The ethanolic extract of leaves (2 g/kg) had a better hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats compared with the aqueous extract (p < 0.05) | [134] |
Myrtaceae | Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry | Kranfal | Essential oil extracted from the buds and seeds | 1 to 100 μg/mL | α-amylase inhibition enzyme | The maximum antidiabetic activity for S. aromaticum essential oils was noted at the highest dose (100 μg/mL). | [135] |
Nitrariaceae | Peganum harmala L. | Lharmel | Ethanolic extract of the seeds | 150 and 250 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The oral administration of ethanolic extract causes maximum fall of blood glucose level to 22.9% (p < 0.05) and 29.4% (p < 0.01) respectively with the two doses in normal and 30.3% (p < 0.01) and 48.4% (p < 0.001) in diabetic rats | [11] |
Oleaceae | Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl | Touzalt | Hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves and bark | 25 and 50 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | A considerable hypoglycemic effect was noticed 2 h after the STZ-induction, with a higher efficiency (P < 0.05) for leaf extract (68%) as compared with bark extract (57%) | [136] |
Oleaceae | Olea europaea L. | Jbouj/Azmour/Zitoun | Alcohol extract of the leaves | 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The antidiabetic effect of the extract was more effective than that observed with glibenclamide | [137] |
Pedaliaceae | Sesamum indicum L. | Janjlan | Ethanolic extract of the seeds | 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | A significant decrease in the elevated blood glucose and increase in the lowered insulin and glycogen levels | [138] |
Plantaginaceae | Globularia alypum L. | Ayen lerneb/ Taselgha | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 100 and 20 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | In the diabetic rats, the blood glucose levels was mostly reduced, due to repeated oral treatment of G.alypum leaves (20 mg/kg (P < 0.001) | [139] |
Poaceae | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Njem | Aqueous extract of the whole plant | 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The dose of 500 mg/kg was identified as the most effective dose. It lowers blood glucose level around 31% after 4 h of administration in normal rats | [140] |
Poaceae | Hordeum vulgare L. | Chair/Zraa | Hydroalcoholic extract of the seeds | 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 g/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The extract at doses of 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg, were only effective in detracting blood glucose levels of diabetic rats after 11 days of continued daily therapy | [141] |
Poaceae | Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. | Illan | Hexane, ethylacetate, methanolic and aqueous extracts of the seeds | 250 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The aqueous extract has shown maximal blood glucose lowering effect in diabetic rats | [142] |
Poaceae | Phalaris canariensis L. | Zouan | Encrypted peptides released after gastrointestinal digestion of seed proteins | 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, and 1400 μg/mL | Assay for Inhibitory Activity of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV | The peptides showed 43.5% inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV | [143] |
Poaceae | Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench | Bachna | Dried extract of the whole plant | 0.4 g/kg BW | Hepatic gluconeogenesis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | The hypoglycemic effect of extract was related to hepatic gluconeogenesis but not the glucose uptake of skeletal muscle, and the effect was similar to that of anti-diabetic medication | [144] |
Poaceae | Zea mays L. | Lahyat Adra | Corn silk aqueous extract | 0.25–10.0 mg/mL 0.25–8.0 mg/mL | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | In vitro analysis of the extract showed that it exhibited potent and moderate inhibitory potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. The inhibition was concentration-dependent with respective half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 5.89 and 0.93 mg/mL | [145] |
Portulacaceae | Portulaca oleracea L. | Rejla | Aqueous extract of the whole plant | 200 and 400 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The hypoglycaemic effect of extract became significant following oral administration 1 h, reached the peak at 1.5 h (p < 0.01), and was still significant at 4 h | [6] |
Ranunculaceae | Nigella sativa L. | Haba souda /Sanouj | Hydroalcholic extract of the seeds | 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | 5 mg/kg BW is the most effective dose for assessing the anti-hyperglycemic potential of hydroalcholic extract of N. sativa in diabetic rats | [146] |
Rhamnaceae | Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. | Nbeg/Azouggar/ssdra | Aqueous extract of leaves and fruits | 250 μL 150 μL | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | Z. lotus leaves and fruits, demonstrated inhibitory effects against α-amylase (IC50: 20.40–31.91 μg/mL), and α-glucosidase (IC50: 8.66–27.95 μg/mL) | [147] |
Rosaceae | Cydonia oblonga Mill. | Sferjel | Aqueous extract of the fruits | 80, 160, and 240 mg/kg | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The oral administration of the extract prevented diabetes-induced increase in serum urea and creatinine levels as the markers of renal dysfunction | [148] |
Rosaceae | Chaenomeles sinensis (Dum.Cours.) Koehne | Sferjel | Ethyl acetate fraction from the fruits | 50 and 100 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The administration of C. sinensis fruits extract (100 mg/kg BW) restored the blood glucose to almost normal level | [149] |
Rosaceae | Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. | Mzah | Alcoholic extract of the leaves | 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The extract exerted a significant (P < 0.05) hypoglycaemic effect in normal rabbits which was however short-lived. The hypoglycaemic effect was not significant (P > 0.1) in alloxan-treated rabbits | [150] |
Rosaceae | Prunus armeniaca L. | Luz elhar | The pomace and the detoxified kernel extract | 4, 6 and 8 mg/kg 2, 3 and 4 mg/kg | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Pomace extract showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) antidiabetic-activity more prominent thandetoxified kernel extract acutely, subchronically and on longer-terms | [151] |
Rosaceae | Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb | Louz imrzig/ Louz morr | Ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, hexane fraction, chloroform fraction, n-butanol fraction, water fraction and almond oil | Not mentioned | Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) inhibition | The alcoholic extract showed strong anti-diabetic (PTP1B inhibition) activity with an IC50 0.46 μg/mL | [152] |
Rutaceae | Citrus medica L | Lhamed beldî | Petroleum ether extract of the. Seeds | 200 and 400 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significant reduction (p < 0.05) of fasting blood glucose in dose dependent manner after 15 days of drug administration | [153] |
Rutaceae | Citrus paradisi Macfad. | Pamblamus | Phenolic extract from grapefruit peels | 500 mL 50 mL 50 mL | Interaction with α-amylase, α-glucosidase and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) | The phenolic extracts inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase and ACE enzyme activities | [154] |
Rutaceae | Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Peel ethanolic extract | 250 and 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Diabetic rats treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg of extract showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels of 11 and 25%, respectively | [155] | |
Rutaceae | Citrus × aurantium L | Larenj/Zenbue/trunj | The alcoholic extract of fruit peel | 300 and 500 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | On repeated administration of ethanolic extract for 21 days, a significant (P < 0.001) dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose of the diabetic rats was seen as compared to control group | [156] |
Rutaceae | Ruta graveolens L. | Lfijel | Water extract of the whole plant | 125 and 50 mg/kg BW | Nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced (type 2) diabetic albino rats | Significant amelioration of glucose tolerance | [157] |
Rutaceae | Ruta montana (L.) L. | LFijel /Iwermi | Aqueous extract of the aerial parts | 5 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Both single and repeated oral doses produced significant reductions in the blood glucose levels in normal and STZ-induced rats | [158] |
Santalaceae | Viscum album L | Lenjbar | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 100 and 200 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic animals | Doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg BW produced significant (p < 0.05) lowering of blood sugar in fasted normal white albino rats and alloxanized rabbits respectively | [159] |
Sapotaceae | Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels | Argan | Aqueous extract of the fruits | 10 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Single oral administration reduced blood glucose levels 6 h after administration in STZ diabetic rats. Furthermore, blood glucose levels were decreased in STZ diabetic rats after 7 days of treatment | [160] |
Solanaceae | Capsicum annuum L. | Felfel Hârr/ soudania | Water extract of nine types of pepper | 500 mL 50 mL | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | Several pepper extracts had high a-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Select extracts such as Green pepper and Long hot pepper had less or no inhibitory effect on the a-amylase activity | [161] |
Solanaceae | Datura stramonium L. | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 100–1000 μl | α-amylase inhibition enzyme | The assay carried out on alpha-amylase enzyme showed the dose-dependent increase in inhibitory effect with IC50 730 μg | [162] | |
Solanaceae | Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. | Sdag jmel/Metal | The supernatant (juice fraction) | 0 to 0.8 mg/ml | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | Stronger inhibition of α-glucosidase than α-amylase activity | [163] |
Solanaceae | Nicotiana tabacum L. | Nefha | Acetone, ethanol and water extract of the leaves | 250 μL | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition enzyme | The aqueous extract was most effective inhibitor of α-amylase (IC50 5.7 mg/mL) while acetone extract exhibited the best inhibitory potential on α-glucosidase (IC50 4.5 mg/mL) | [164] |
Solanaceae | Solanum americanum Mill. | Aneb dib | Aqueous extract of the leaves | 200, 400 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | Significant antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects when compared to diabetic control rats (p < 0.0001) | [165] |
Theaceae | Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze | Attay | Water extract | 2 ml/100 g BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The inhibitory effect of extract on hyperglycemia induced by STZ was statistically significant | [166] |
Thymelaeaceae | Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. | Metnan | Aqueous extract of the aerial parts | 250 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | In STZ-induced diabetic rats, single oral administration of T. hirsuta produced a significant decrease of blood glucose levels | [167] |
Urticaceae | Urtica dioica L. | Taznagt/Tigzenin/Lhriga | Aqueous extract of the aerial parts | 500 mg/kg BW | Alloxan- induced diabetic rats | The amount of glucose absorbed in a segment jejunum in situ was 8.05 ± 0.68 mg in presence of nettle extract vs. 11.11 ± 0.75 mg in control rats during 2 h (P < 0.05) | [168] |
Urticaceae | Urtica pilulifera L. | Hurriga / Tisrakmaz | Lectin isolated from the seeds | 100 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Significant hypoglycemic effect was found at the dose of 100 mg/kg after administration for 30 days | [169] |
Vitaceae | Vitis vinifera L. | Dalya/Zbib/Kerma/Adilite | Ethanolic extract of the leaves | 250 and 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | The data show that 250 mg/kg of the V.vinifera extract has possessed remarkable effect on blood glucose level as equal as reference drug. (11.8–26.0%) | [170] |
Zingiberaceae | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Sekinjbir | Aqueous extract of the root | 500 mg/kg BW | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ) | Raw ginger was significantly effective in lowering serum glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in the ginger-treated diabetic rats compared with the control diabetic rats | [171] |