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International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy

Table 3 Anti-diabetic properties of some peels and seed extracts

From: Phytowaste as nutraceuticals in boosting public health

Plants

Bioactive compounds

Test organism

Conc/body weight

Therapeutic activities

Mechanism of action

References

M. indica, C. melo and C. vulgaris peel

polyphenols and ascorbic acid

Rats

50–300 mg/kg

Ameliorate thyroid dysfunctions and hyperglycemia/diabetes mellitus.

Decreased the levels of tissue glucose, LPO, creatinine kinase-MB, serum lipids, and increased the levels of insulin and thyroid hormones.

[62]

(P.edulis) (Passion fruit) peel and seed

soluble fiber and pectin

Human

30 g/day

250 and 500 mg·kg − 1

hypoglycemic action

Decreased triglycerides levels, insulin resistance, reduce glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetic patients and serum cholesterol

[60, 61]

(Nephelium lappaceum) Rambutan peel

Phenol

Mice

50–200 mg/kg bw

Anti-Diabetic

Recovered glycogen content, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. It also atenuated lipid peroxidation in diabetic mice, the mesangial index and the expression of TGF-β in the kidney of diabetic mice.

[27]

Avocado seed

–

Male rabbits

 

Reduced the hyperglycemia.

Restored pancreatic tissue function and inhibits intestinal glucose absorption

[59]

C. sinensis or P. granatum peel

flavonon glycosides, hespiridin and naringin

male mice

25 mg/kg of CS and 200 mg/kg of PG.

glucose lowering and antiperoxidative activities

Decrease in LPO and an increase in GSH content in hepatic, cardiac and renal tissues, activation of non-enzymatic antioxidant defense machinery.

[65]

Pomegranate peel and seed oil

linolenic acid,

Mice, rats

2 ml/kg/day, 200, 300 and 600 mg/kg

hypoglycemic activity improved insulin sensitivity anti-inflammatory properties

Reduced glucose and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α plasma levels and increased the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.

[63, 64, 66, 67]