Phytowaste as nutraceuticals in boosting public health

Clinical Phytoscience

International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy

Table 4 Antimicrobial/antiparasitic properties of some peels and seed extracts

Plants	Bioactive compounds	Test organism	Conc/body weight	Therapeutic activities	Mechanism of action	References
P. americana seed	Catechin, lignans and epicatechin	Microorganism	≤50 μg/ml	Antiprotozoal and Antimycobacterial activities	Causes the precipitation of membrane proteins, inducing membrane lysis and antimicrobial activity	[77]
S. cumini peels	malvidin, petunidin and cyaniding	Microorganism	5-10 mg	Antimicrobial activities	Inhibits microbial activities	[69]
C. reticulata peel	Terpenes, d-limonene		5 Μl	Antibacterial acne therapy	Inhibit microbial activity,	[71]
P. granatum L. (Pomegranate) peel	phenolics and flavonoids		4 mg/ml	Antimicrobial activities	Protein precipitation and enzyme inhibition of microorganisms,	[19, 73, 79]
C.s limon L.(citron) peel	Phellandrene, Pinene, D-Limonene, Terpinene and Citral D-Limonene		200 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 25 μg/ mL and 12.5 μg/ mL	Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Activity	Exhibited free radical scavenging and inhibit microbial activities	[70, 72]
Potatoes peel	Glycoalkaloid α-chaconine, caffeic acid, α-solanine, chlorogenic acid,			antitrichomonad activity	Active against bovine and mostly inactive against feline trichomonads	[78]
orange, lemon, and mandarin peel	Limonene, β_-Pinene, α-Pinene and Sabinene	Chicken	600 and 1200 mg kg − 1	Anthelmintic effects	Decreased worm motility and notable reduction in worm burden	[74, 76]
Banana peel			10% wt	Antimicrobial	Exhibited free radical scavenging and inhibit microbial activities	[43]