Phytowaste as nutraceuticals in boosting public health

Dike, Chinyere S.; Orish, Chinna N.; Nwokocha, Chukwuemeka R.; Sikoki, Francis D.; Babatunde, Bolaji B.; Frazzoli, Chiara; Orisakwe, Orish E.

doi:10.1186/s40816-021-00260-w

Clinical Phytoscience

International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy

Table 5 Hepatorenal protection properties of some peels and seed extracts

From: Phytowaste as nutraceuticals in boosting public health

Plants	Bioactive compounds	Test organism	Conc/body weight	Therapeutic activities	Mechanism of action	References
N. sativa seed	Oil	Humans	2.5 mL,	Prevents chronic kidney disease	Improved the biochemical parameters as well as clinical features	[92]
N. sativa seed	Oil	Rats	5% / 90-130 g	Hepatorenal protection	Extract showed improvement in biochemical and histopathogical findings show increase in GSH, SDH, LDH, G-6-Pase, serum protein, NO, Na + −K + -ATPase, phospholipids levels and decrease in MDA, SOD, AST, ALT and ALP	[91, 93]
P. dactylifera L. var. (Date) seed	Proanthocyanidin	Wistar rat	200–300 μg/mL	Hepatorenal protection	Attenuated the elevated serum levels of ALT and AST, ALP, GGT, TC, LDL-C, bilirubin, creatinine, and calcium, increased the diminished serum levels of HDL-C and TP.	[97]
G. kola seed	Kolaviron,	Wistar rats	200 mg/kg	Hepato-renal protection	Restored the antioxidant parameters and biochemical indices to near normal. Suppress production of SOD, exerts potent anti-inflammatory action that inhibits production of TNF-a and activation of NF-ĸB	[98]
Grape seed	flavonoïds, non flavonoïds, proanthocyanidins	humans	35 mg/kg,	Improves Renal functions	Improved GFR and proteinuria, increased the anti-oxidant status as assessed by high plasma CAT and SOD and also lowered LPO and carbonylation. It ameliorated inflammation by decreasing CRP, triglyceridemia and counteracted anemia and thrombocytopenia.	[90]
Citrus grape peel	Auraptene	Mice	7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg	hepatic fibrosis inhibitor	Inhibited the activation of HSCs by down-regulating the expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA and expressed anti-inflammatory effects via reducing the expression of NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β	[17]
Grape fruit peel	Auraptene	Mice primary hepatocytes	5, 10 or 20 mg kg − 1	Cholestatic liver injury inhibitor	Reduced the bile acid synthesis through repressing Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1, and increased the bile acid metabolism through an induction in the gene expression of Sult2a1.	[18]
Pomegranate peel	Catechols, Flavanones, Flavone glycosides, Phenolic acids, Phenylpropanoids	Male albino rats	430 mg/ kg b.w	hepatoprotective	Decreased LPO in hepatic, cardiac, and renal tissues and had a facilitatory effect on the scavenging ability of SOD and hydrogen peroxide	[63, 86]
Pomegranate peel and seed	punicic acid, iso-flavone genistein, phytoestrogen coumestrol, sex steroid hormones and polysacchaides	Rat	Peels: 150 mg/kg body weight Seed: 100 mg/kg body weight, 0.2 ml/kg	liver fibrosis inhibition	Decrease the level of TGF-β1 and inhibition of collagen synthesis, restored the decreased SOD, GSH-Px, GST and t-GPx activities and inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidized products. It also decreased the levels of MDA, DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 and GSR activities	[85, 87]
(P. granatum L.) Pomegranate peel	phenolics, flavonoids, ellagitannins and proanthocyanins	Cell lines	2, 5, 10 and 100 mg/kg)	Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma inhibition	Decrease the volume and weight of T24 tumors and caused the apoptosis in the xenografted tumors	[99]
P. granatum peel and V. vinifera seeds	phenols, flavonoids, and tannins	rats	400 mg/kg	Hepatocellular protection	Increased superoxide radical levels in tumor cells	[88]
U.dioica (Stinging nettle)seed	unsaturated fatty acids, palmitic, and omega-3	Rats	2 mL	Hepatoprotective	hydropic degeneration, dysplastic hepatocytes, bile-duct proliferation and periportal fibrosis and prevent the formation of the ROS or scavenges	[96]
U. dioica seed	palmitic, and omega-3	broiler	30 ml	Hepatorenal protection against aflatoxicosis	Decrease MDA and increased the antioxidant system towards normality, particularly in the liver, brain, kidney and heart.	[95]
Apple peel	Polyphenols	mice	250 mg/kg·bw	Hepatoprotective	Relieve lipid peroxidation, enhancement of the antioxidative defense system and suppression of the inflammatory response	[94]
Ripe and unripe Plantain peel	Gallic, caffeic acids, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, catechin, kaempferol, chlorogenic and ellagic acids	Wistar rat		Erectile dysfunction modulation	Inhibition of enzymes associated with erectile dysfunction and lipid peroxidation	[25]

Back to article page