Table 6 Anticancer activities of some peels and seed extracts

Lemon, Grapefruit, and Mandarin Citrus peel

Flavonoids Phenol

Human leukemia HL-60 cells and mouse splenocytes

20-500 μg/ mL

anticancer, immunostimulation and antigenotoxic potential

Citrus extracts exerted non-cytotoxic, and antigenotoxic activities through remarkable reduction of chromosomal aberrations induced by cisplatin in mouse splenocytes for 24 h

[100]

citrus peel

Gold lotion

human prostate tumor/ xenograft mouse model, mice

1 or 2 mg kg_

2 or 4 mg kg_

anti-cancer effects and ameliorates Psoriasis-Like Dermatitis

Down-regulation of proliferative molecules and the inflammatory enzymes (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2), metastasis (matrix metallopeptidase-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF). Induced cell cycle arrest of DLA in G0/G1 phase, nuclear condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, membrane blebbing and DNA damage leading to apoptosis in prostrate tumors.

[101, 113]

C. reticulata peel

Flavonoids, Terpenes compounds

Mice, cell lines

25 mg/kg,

anti-tumor activity;

[102]

C. paradisii (Grape fruit), C. sinensis (orange) and C. maxima (shaddock) peel

naringin, quercetin, kaempferol, glycoside rutin epicathecin, isoquercetrin and kaempferol, catechin, caffeic acid

colon cancer cell lines

10–100 μg/L

Anticancer activities

Inhibited proteasome activity in extract-treated cells

[103]

P. granatum L peel

ellagic acid, Gallic acid, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid, p-Coumaric acid and Ferulic acid

Cell lines

100, 200, and 300 lg/mL

Reduces Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis on Breast Cancer

Enhanced Expression of the Bax pro-apoptotic gene, and decrease of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2

[109]

P. granatum L peel and seed

Polyphenols, seed oil, γ –tocopherol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, rutin, ellagic acid

DU 145 human prostate carcinoma cells

0 to 100 μg/ml

prostate cancer suppression

mitochondrial mediated intrinsic pathway apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Exposure to PoPx led to loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Dym), increase the expression ratio of Bax/Bcl2 and activation of apoptosis executor caspase 3, increase and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

[104, 105]

Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) peel

Quercetin, oleanolic acid, arjunolic acid, gallic and ferulic acids

NB4 cells

0–3 mg / ml.

anti-neoplastic effects

induction of apoptosis and cell differentiation

[110]

Sucrier banana peel

catechin, procyanidin, ferullic acid, gallic acid

B16F10 mouse melanoma cells

Inhibition of Melanogenesis

decreased expression of melanogenesis relate protein as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase protein following 24 h incubation with α-melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH) stimulating.

[114]

V. vinifera (Grapes) peel and seed

esveratrol, flavanols, phenolic acids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins

Mice

2 mg

antioxidant activity and apoptosis induction

Down-regulation of mutant p53 expression, Bcl-2 and the levels of pan-cytokeratins might have facilitated the process of apoptosis in the chemical carcinogenesis process.

[111]

M. sapientum L.(Banana) peel

(±)-19b

Cancer Cell Lines, Human Normal Hepatocyte LO2 Cells

0, 5, 10, and 20 nM

Anticancer

Disrupted the intracellular microtubule network, caused G2/M phase arrest, induced cell apoptosis, and depolarized mitochondria of K562 cells.

[112]