Table 8 Neuroprotective properties of some peels and seed extracts

N. longan peel and seed

tannins (ellagitannins) corilagin and acetonyl-geraniin

Rats

250 and 500 mg/kg

CNS depressant and antinociceptive activities

motor activity suppression and exploratory behavior in the tested models. Reduction of pain sensation in rat via the prostaglandin pathways.

[133]

Citrus unshiu (Chinpi) peel

hesperidin, narirutin, naringenin, and nobiletin

Mice

30, 100, and 300 mg/kg

preventing corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity

increased in tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level, and cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions

[89]

P. americana (Avocado) peel

B-type procyanidins and epicatechin

Drosophila melanogaster

1- 5 mg/mL

Neuroprotective Effects

Exert antioxidant activity

[135]

Citrus peel

Naringenin

Rat

50 mg/kg/day

ameliorated anxiogenic-like behaviour impairment

Naringenin modulates activity and expression of ectonucleotidases such as adenosine triphosphate diphosphohydrolase and 50-nucleotidase, enzymes which control extracellular ATP and hydrolyze adenosine concentrations in the synaptic cleft.

[129, 138]

G. kola seed

Flavinoids

(bioflavonoid), xanthenes and benzophenones

C. gariepinus

150 mg/L − 350 mg/L

antidote for anticholinesterase agents

Stabilize and normalize the concentrations of the acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine neurotransmitter, for effective and efficient flows of signal.

[127]

M. sapientum L.(banana) peel

Rat

400 mg/kg

anxiolytic effects, antidepressant

Reduction in immobility time, memory strengthening possibly via its antioxidant mechanism. Reduce the anxiety /fear like effects produced increased the short term memory as well as long term memory

[136]