Fig. 1

Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 RNA load by herbal extracts. Vero cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 (MOI 0.05) and treated with serial twofold dilutions of the indicated herbal extracts or solvent (0.37 % ethanol) for 48 h, followed by determination of viral RNA in the supernatant (qPCR). The means of three independent experiments ± SEM are displayed. The dagger symbol (†) indicates concentrations of the extracts ≥ CC₅₀. BRO TP and SINx: stock solution was 100 mg/mL, hence concentrations in the assay were 10 mg/mL (dilution 1:10), 5 mg/mL (1:20), 2.5 mg/mL (1:40), 1.25 mg/mL (1:80), 625 µg/mL (1:160), 312.5 µg/mL (1:320), 156.25 µg/mL (1:640), 78 µg/mL (1:1,280) and 39 µg/mL (1:2,560), respectively. Statistics was calculated using log-transformed viral load data in cell culture supernatants, which were compared to 1:2560 using RM one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant