International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy
Table 3 Effects of XNE on serum biochemical parameters in male and female rats during the 90-day safety assessments
Parameters | Control | Low | Medium | High |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | ||||
AST (U/L) | 108.3 ± 28.8 | 120.2 ± 24.9 | 112.9 ± 15.0 | 115.9 ± 23.9 |
ALT (U/L) | 49.20 ± 20.81 | 56.30 ± 15.59 | 46.2 ± 8.93 | 51.40 ± 7.92 |
ALP (U/L) | 110.5 ± 25.6 | 119.4 ± 30.4 | 105.4 ± 16.6 | 106.0 ± 18.8 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.45 ± 0.08 | 0.48 ± 0.11 | 0.49 ± 0.11 | 0.41 ± 0.07 |
Total protein (g/dL) | 6.50 ± 0.36 | 6.36 ± 0.21 | 6.41 ± 0.21 | 6.30 ± 0.24 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.60 ± 0.21 | 3.57 ± 0.12 | 3.54 ± 0.16 | 3.52 ± 0.18 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 12.18 ± 2.95 | 10.55 ± 2.29 | 13.11 ± 1.96 | 12.68 ± 2.09 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.62 ± 0.09 | 0.60 ± 0.08 | 0.61 ± 0.05 | 0.64 ± 0.10 |
Glucose (mg/dl) | 300.9 ± 107.7 | 354.8 ± 109.2 | 253.4 ± 59.3 | 259.9 ± 83.1 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 142.1 ± 2.8 | 141.5 ± 2.0 | 141.3 ± 1.9 | 141.3 ± 1.5 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 9.67 ± 5.48 | 9.61 ± 1.85 | 9.66 ± 2.71 | 9.62 ± 2.23 |
Calcium (mmol/L) | 12.25 ± 0.35 | 12.16 ± 0.58 | 11.79 ± 0.57 | 11.91 ± 0.62 |
Chloride (mmol/L) | 94.30 ± 2.36 | 95.10 ± 1.52 | 94.50 ± 1.27 | 94.00 ± 1.05 |
Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 14.32 ± 4.14 | 14.16 ± 3.87 | 14.16 ± 4.31 | 14.86 ± 4.34 |
Female | ||||
AST (U/L) | 157.9 ± 51.3 | 167.9 ± 207.2 | 137.4 ± 60.1 | 122.7 ± 19.3 |
ALT (U/L) | 67.70 ± 27.31 | 62.10 ± 49.36 | 53.00 ± 33.21 | 47.20 ± 13.13 |
ALP (U/L) | 60.00 ± 18.07 | 67.40 ± 24.26 | 57.3 ± 18.39 | 49.90 ± 12.4 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.52 ± 0.13 | 0.45 ± 0.11 | 0.54 ± 0.13 | 0.45 ± 0.13 |
Total protein (g/dL) | 6.97 ± 0.27 | 6.83 ± 0.36 | 6.97 ± 0.19 | 7.01 ± 0.50 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.13 ± 0.17 | 4.15 ± 0.17 | 4.18 ± 0.18 | 4.20 ± 0.31 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 12.21 ± 2.01 | 13.26 ± 3.00 | 14.72 ± 2.58 | 13.85 ± 1.39 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.71 ± 0.12 | 0.64 ± 0.10 | 0.65 ± 0.08 | 0.66 ± 0.09 |
Glucose (mg/dl) | 230.5 ± 165.3 | 275.1 ± 121.2 | 190.2 ± 87.8 | 222.5 ± 124.0 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 137.7 ± 4.4 | 139.3 ± 1.4 | 138.7 ± 1.8 | 139.9 ± 1.9 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 13.50 ± 5.48 | 8.76 ± 2.85 | 10.94 ± 3.03 | 8.66 ± 2.05 |
Calcium (mmol/L) | 12.59 ± 0.74 | 12.07 ± 0.93 | 12.05 ± 0.52 | 12.24 ± 0.45 |
Chloride (mmol/L) | 96.60 ± 1.17 | 95.40 ± 3.17 | 96.60 ± 1.35 | 95.40 ± 1.78 |
Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 17.25 ± 4.37 | 13.43 ± 6.06 | 13.84 ± 4.63 | 12.89 ± 4.69 |