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International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy

Table 3 Amino acid profile (g/100 g protein) of African wild lettuce leaves

From: Nutritional, antioxidant, angiotensin-converting-enzyme and carbohydrate-hydrolyzing-enzyme inhibitory activities of underutilized leafy vegetable: African wild lettuce (Lactuca taraxacifolia Willd)

Amino acid

WLF

WLR

WLE

WPI

Adult

Children

Methionine

1.53 ± 0.01d

1.89 ± 0.23b

1.65 ± 0.01c

12.88 ± 1.02a

1.5

2.7

Valine

6.96 ± 0.21a

6.45 ± 0.22b

6.93 ± 0.33a

6.07 ± 0.21c

2.6

3.8

Phenylalanine

5.38 ± 0.13c

5.57 ± 0.02b

4.89 ± 0.14d

5.79 ± 0.33a

2.5

6.9

Isoleucine

4.53 ± 0.01c

4.87 ± 0.41b

4.87 ± 0.11b

5.29 ± 0.03a

2.5

6.9

Leucine

5.93 ± 0.02a

7.68 ± 0.05a

6.53 ± 0.02a

7.85 ± 0.11a

–

1.0

Threonine

4.74 ± 0.22b

3.94 ± 0.03d

4.86 ± 0.05a

4.17 ± 0.03c

3.9

7.3

Histidine

1.97 ± 0.00b

1.6 ± 0.11c

5.69 ± 0.13a

1.46 ± 0.00d

–

1.0

Tryptophan

6.11 ± 1.11a

6.09 ± 0.42a

4.16 ± 0.01c

5.60 ± 0.01b

1.5

3.7

Lysine

6.45 ± 0.31b

3.34 ± 0.02c

7.06 ± 0.00a

3.0 ± 0.02d

0.4

1.25

Æ©EAAs

41.63 ± 4.12b

39.83 ± 2.02d

40.95 ± 5.02c

50.65 ± 3.22a

3.4

6.4

Non-Essential amino Acids

 Glycine

6.48 ± 0.22a

6.14 ± 0.03b

5.77 ± 0.11c

4.25 ± 0.12d

–

–

 Alanine

6.70 ± 0.00b

4.71 ± 0.22d

5.78 ± 0.02c

6.74 ± 0.13a

–

–

 Serine

4.48 ± 0.04c

5.33 ± 0.00a

4.29 ± 0.03d

4.95 ± 0.02b

–

–

 Proline

6.40 ± 0.01b

6.09 ± 0.21c

6.72 ± 0.33a

5.22 ± 0.00d

–

–

 Arginine

6.33 ± 0.032b

5.27 ± 0.02d

6.62 ± 0.04a

5.86 ± 0.03c

–

–

 Tyrosine

1.97 ± 0.04c

4.88 ± 0.03b

1.39 ± 0.01d

5.29 ± 0.21a

–

–

 Cystine

1.36 ± 0.00b

1.39 ± 0.22b

1.04 ± 0.01c

1.67 ± 0.22a

–

–

 Aspartate

9.09 ± 0.11b

6.99 ± 0.42c

9.54 ± 0.03a

6.24 ± 0.04d

–

–

 Glutamate

12.65 ± 0.32c

13.08 ± 0.05a

12.94 ± 1.02b

2.15 ± 0.01d

–

–

 ƩNEAAs

57.43 ± 4.42b

58.76 ± 2.03a

55.48 ± 4.02c

47.66 ± 3.03d

–

–

Protein Quality Indices

 TAA

99.06 ± 6.02a

98.59 ± 3.02b

96.43 ± 4.02c

98.31 ± 2.02b

  

 TEAA/TNEAA

0.72 ± 0.00b

0.68 ± 0.22c

0.73 ± 0.12b

1.06 ± 0.02a

–

 

 ƩSAA (meth+cys)

2.89 ± 0.01c

3.28 ± 0.11b

2.69 ± 0.02d

14.55 ± 0.12a

–

 

 ƩArAA (phy + tyr)

7.35 ± 0.23c

10.45 ± 2.11b

6.28 ± 0.32d

11.08 ± 0.52a

–

 

 Arg/Lys

0.98 ± 0.02c

1.58 ± 0.03b

0.94 ± 0.11d

1.95 ± 0.02a

–

 

 BCCAs

17.42 ± 3.02c

19.00 ± 1.22a

18.33 ± 2.02b

19.21 ± 2.02a

–

 

 BV (%)

77.04

72.26

85.75

88.97

70

 

 PER (g/100 g)

3.00

2.79

3.21

3.51

–

 

 EAAI (%)

81.41

77.03

89.40

92.36

–

 
  1. aWLF Wild lettuce powder, WLE Wild lettuce extracts, WLR Wild lettuce residue, WPI Wild lettuce protein isolate
  2. bMeans followed by different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Duncan post-hoc test; means of three replicates ± standard deviation
  3. Recommended daily allowance (RDA) of essential amino acids ((mg/100 g b.w)) for Adult and Children (< 5 yrs.) [39]. Total essential amino acids (ƩEAA), Total non- essential amino acids (ƩNEAA), Total sulphur amino acid (ƩSAA), Total Aromatic amino acids (ƩArAA), Limiting amino acid (LAA), Abundant amino acid (AAA), Branched chain amino acids (ƩBCAAs = Leu., Isoleu., Valine)