Phytochemistry and therapeutic potential of black pepper [Piper nigrum (L.)] essential oil and piperine: a review

Clinical Phytoscience

International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy

Table 3 Composition of major essential oils of Piper nigrum from various origins

Origin	Parts	Constituents	Yield (%) and references
South India	Seeds	β-caryophyllene	9.52–26.95	[38]
		Limonene	15.13–20.78	[38]
		Sabinene	0.00–19.23	[38]
		α-pinene	3.88–6.48	[38]
		β-bisabolene	1.32–7.96	[38]
		α-humulene	1.11–2.44	[38]
		α-copaene	0.20–5.51	[38]
		α-cadinol	0.18–4.89	[38]
		α-thujene	0.60–2.94	[38]
South India	Leaves	Nerolidol	0.14–66.32	[41]
		α-pinene	0.12–20.86	[41]
		β-caryophyllene	2.09–9.65	[41]
Bangladesh	Seeds	β-caryophyllene	18.39	[45]
		α-pinene	16.68	[45]
		Limonene	16.16	[45]
		β-pinene	13.61	[45]
		δ-3-carene	9.23	[45]
		β-phellandrene	3.16	[45]
		Copaene	3.13	[45]
		1-napthalenol	3.00	[45]
		β- myrcene	2.89	[45]
Sri Lanka	Seeds	β-caryophyllene	12.5	[47]
		β-terpenine	19.5	[47]
		Limonene	19.2	[47]
		Sabinene	19.2	[47]
		α-pinene	11.2	[47]
		β-pinene	12.1	[47]
		α β-phellandrene	4.8	[47]
		Myrcene	2.9	[47]
Malaysia	Seeds	Limonene	29.9	[48]
		β-pinene	19.0	[48]
		β-caryophyllene	14.0	[48]
		α-pinene	7.3	[48]
		δ -3-carene	10.6	[48]
		Myrcene	2.6	[48]
		α-phellandrene	2.2	[48]
		Linalool	2.1	[48]
Brazil	Seeds	δ-3-carene	55.43	[49]
		α-pinene	16.25	[49]
		sylvestrene	10.67	[49]
		germacrene D	2.17	[49]
		β-myrcene	1.99	[49]
		Isoterpinolene	1.4	[49]