Table 7 Kidney damage biomarkers of male Wistar rats administered with lead acetate and treated with methanol and methanol/acetone phenolic-rich extracts of N. latifolia fruit

Control (2 mL/kg bw. Normal Saline)

32.50 ± 1.44 ^a

86.00 ± 0.58 ^a

3.75 ± 0.08 ^a

65.30 ± 3.17 ^a

0.60 ± 0.23 ^a

Silymarin (100 mg/kg bw.)

49.00 ± 5.19 ^c

100.50 ± 0.86 ^d

5.40 ± 0.06 ^d

72.00 ± 1.15 ^c

1.10 ± 0.11 ^e

Untreated (2 mL/kg bw. Normal Saline)

98.00 ± 5.70 ^f

136.50 ± 5.70 ^f

15.1 ± 0.23 ^e

99.50 ± 0.29 ^e

4.00 ± 0.00 ^f

150 mg/kg bw. MPR NLF

64.30 ± 1.59 ^e

110.41 ± 1.43 ^e

5.50 ± 1.57 ^d

80.00 ± 2.15 ^d

1.40 ± 0.11 ^b

300 mg/kg bw. MPR NLF

54.04 ± 3.46 ^d

98.50 ± 0.43 ^b

4.15 ± 0.15 ^b

74.50 ± 0.15 ^c

0.85 ± 0.85 ^c

150 mg/kg bw. MAPR NLF

52.00 ± 2.59 ^d

104.50 ± 2.59 ^d

4.70 ± 0.57 ^c

68.00 ± 1.15 ^b

1.15 ± 0.06 ^d

300 mg/kg bw. MAPR NLF

33.00 ± 0.57 ^b

93.50 ± 11.25 ^c

4.05 ± 1.15 ^b

65.00 ± 1.15 ^a

0.75 ± 0.14 ^b