International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy
From: Rice: a potential vehicle for micronutrient fortification
Sr. No | Micronutrient | Consequences | Citation |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Iron | Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), fatigue, neuromuscular symptoms, mental illness, epithelial manifestations, and cardiopulmonary symptoms | [81] (Soliman, Amer, & Soliman, 2019) |
Anemia in hemodialysis patients | [82] (Motonishi, Tanaka, & Ozawa, 2018) | ||
Negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients | [83] (Kim et al., 2018) | ||
Anemia, Plummer Vinson syndrome, angular stomatitis, pica, glossitis and restless leg syndrome most commonly in pregnant females Cognitive impairment and behavioral problems in infants | [84] (Moll & Davis, 2017) | ||
2 | Zinc | Neuronal dysfunction, growth retardation, skin lesions (Acrodermatitis enteropathica, poor appetite, cell-mediated immune dysfunction and neurosensory disorder Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Mood Disorders, such as depression, anxiety and aggression, Schizophrenia (SCZ), and Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 Hypogonadism in males | [85] (Hagmeyer, Haderspeck, & Grabrucker, 2015; Pfaender & Grabrucker, 2014; Prasad, 2013; Yasuda & Tsutsui, 2016) |
Impairment, sexual dysfunction, cutaneous lesions, inflammatory and gastrointestinal disorders | [86] (Maxfield & Crane, 2020b) | ||
Alopecia, diarrhea and impaired immune function in infants and children | [87, 88] (Ackland & Michalczyk, 2016; Kambe, Fukue, Ishida, & Miyazaki, 2015) | ||
3 | Calcium | Ca Paradox Disease that leads to muscular dystrophy, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, arteriosclerosis and alzheimer’s disease | [89] (Fujita & Palmieri, 2000) |
4 | Vitamin D | Rickets, osteoporosis and osteomalacia | [90] (Glorieux & Pettifor, 2014) |
5 | Selenium | Keshan disease, Keshin-Beck disease and myxedematous cretinism | [91] (Westermark, 2021) |
Epilepsy, multiminicore disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) | [92] (Amankwah & Han, 2018) | ||
Immune system disorders, inflammatory disorders, impaired fertility, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes mellitus | [93] (Sarwar et al., 2020) [94] (Kieliszek, Bano, & Zare, 2021) | ||
6 | Iodine | Endemic goiter Mental manifestation, growth retardation and increased miscarriages during pregnancy Hypothyroidism | [95] (Cakmak et al., 2017 [96]; Tulyathan, Laokuldilok, & Jongkaewwattana, 2007) |
7 | Vitamin A | Night blindness (nyctalopia) Keratomalacia Impaired immune functions | [97] (Norsa et al., 2019) [98] (Godswill, Somtochukwu, Ikechukwu, & Kate, 2020) |
Lung dysfunction, pulmonary disease and respiratory diseases Increased risk of asthma and severe wheezing | [99] (Timoneda et al., 2018) | ||
8 | Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Beriberi (Korsakoff syndrome and Wernicke encephalopathy) | [100] (Wiley & Gupta, 2019) |
9 | Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Normocytic anemia, Angular cheilitis Eye irritation and itching Increased eye sensitivity to light Watery eyes | [101] (Godswill et al., 2020) |
10 | Vitamin B3 (niacin) | Pellagra (4Ds: Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea and Death) | [102] (López & Otero, 2021) |
11 | Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid | Its deficiency is very rare Apathy, fatigue and itchiness | [103] (Godswill et al., 2020) |
12 | Vitamin B6 | Its deficiency is very rare Electroencephalographic abnormalities Impaired immune function and convulsive seizures Depression | [104] (Parra, Stahl, & Hellmann, 2018) |
13 | Vitamin B7 (Biotin) | Its deficiency is rare Detrimental effects on skin health and hair growth | [105] (Godswill et al., 2020) |
14 | Vitamin B9 (Folate) | Neural tube defects (NTDs) in infants | [106] (Moll & Davis, 2017) |
15 | Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins) | Megaloblastic anaemia Neuropsychiatric manifestations Ataxia, and cognitive decline Atrophic glossitis Infertility and persistent spontaneous abortions Pernicious anaemia | [107] (Moll & Davis, 2017; Xie et al., 2021) |
16 | Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | Scurvy | [108] (Maxfield & Crane, 2020a) |
17 | Vitamin D | Rickets | |
18 | Vitamin E | Progressive neurologic disorder Spinocerebellar ataxia Heart muscle cardiomyopathy | [111, 112](Euch-Fayache, Bouhlal, Amouri, Feki, & Hentati, 2014; Traber, 2014) |
19 | Vitamin K | Fat malabsorption diseases (bleeding gums, nosebleeds, heavy menstrual bleeding in women, and sensitivity to bruising) | [113] (Haddadin et al., 2019) |
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | [114] (Cozzolino et al., 2019) |