Ethnopharmacological review of medicinal plants used to manage diabetes in Morocco

Idm’hand, Elhassan; Msanda, Fouad; Cherifi, Khalil

doi:10.1186/s40816-020-00166-z

Clinical Phytoscience

International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy

Table 1 Plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Morocco, cited in ethnobotanical studies

From: Ethnopharmacological review of medicinal plants used to manage diabetes in Morocco

Family	Plant species	Vernacular name	Part used	Preparation	Number of citations	References
Aizoaceae	Mesembryanthemum theurkauffii (Maire) Maire	Afzu	Leaf and fruit	Decoction and powder	1	[18]
Amaranthaceae	Anabasis aretioides Moq. & Coss. ex Bunge	Chajra ma yeharrekha rih/sellii	Aerial parts	Decoction	3	[17, 18, 21]
Amaranthaceae	Atriplex halimus L.	Legtef	Leaf	Powder, decoction and maceration	1	[18]
Amaranthaceae	Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants	Mkhinza	Leaf	Infusion	9	[12,13,14, 16, 18, 19, 22,23,24]
Amaranthaceae	Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin	Assay	Seed	Decoction	1	[2]
Amaranthaceae	Salsola tetragona Delile	Laarad	Leaf and fruit	Powder	1	[18]
Amaryllidaceae	Allium ampeloprasum L.	Borro	Bulb	Raw	2	[18, 25]
Amaryllidaceae	Allium cepa L.	Basla	Bulb	Raw and juice	14	[2, 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22, 24, 25]
Amaryllidaceae	Allium sativum L.	Tiskert /Touma	Bulb	Raw	9	[12, 13, 17,18,19, 21,22,23,24]
Anacardiaceae	Pistacia atlantica Desf.	Btem/Igg/Drou	Fruit	Decoction	1	[2]
Anacardiaceae	Pistacia lentiscus L.	Trou/Tidekt	Leaf, gum and ecorce	Infusion and decoction	3	[13, 14, 17]
Anacardiaceae	Searsia albida (Schousb.) Moffett	Zewaya/anaffis	Fruit	Raw	1	[18]
Anacardiaceae	Searsia tripartita (Ucria) Moffett	Jdari	Leaf	Powder	1	[18]
Apiaceae	Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.	Bachnikha / Barghanisse	Inflorescence (umbel)	Decoction	11	[12,13,14,15,16,17, 19,20,21,22,23]
Apiaceae	Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss.	Kamoun soufi	Seed	Infusion and decoction	3	[12, 17, 18]
Apiaceae	Apium graveolens L.	Krafess	Seed	Infusion	1	[12]
Apiaceae	Carum carvi L.	Lkarwya	Seed	Decoction	7	[2, 17,18,19,20,21, 24]
Apiaceae	Coriandrum sativum L	Kosbor	Seed	Infusion	6	[12, 15,16,17, 20, 25]
Apiaceae	Cuminum cyminum L.	Kamoun	Seed	Powder	2	[17, 18]
Apiaceae	Daucus carota L.	Khizou	Root	Juice and puree	3	[13, 17, 18]
Apiaceae	Eryngium ilicifolium Lam.	Tasnant/Iglifin	Stem and leaf	Decoction and powder	1	[2]
Apiaceae	Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	Nafaa	Seed	Decoction	9	[2, 12, 17,18,19,20,21,22, 24]
Apiaceae	Pastinaca sativa L.	Left lmahfour	Root	Raw	2	[2, 24]
Apiaceae	Petroselinum crispm (Mill.) Fuss	Maadnouss	Seed	Infusion	4	[12, 17, 18, 24]
Apiaceae	Pimpinella anisum L.	Habbat hlawa	Seed	Decoction and powder	7	[2, 12, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25]
Apiaceae	Ptychotis verticillata Duby	Nounkha	Aerial parts	Infusion	2	[13, 23]
Apiaceae	Ridolfia segetum (L.) Moris	Tebch	Seed	Powder	1	[17]
Apocynaceae	Apteranthes europaea (Guss.) Murb.	Oukan iddan	Stem	Decoction, infusion, and raw	1	[2]
Apocynaceae	Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.	Turja	Leaf	Powder	1	[18]
Apocynaceae	Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br.	Daghmous	Aerial parts	Maceration	3	[12, 17, 26]
Apocynaceae	Nerium oleander L.	Defla/Alili	Leaf	Fumigation and decoction	13	[2, 12, 14, 15, 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24, 26]
Apocynaceae	Periploca laevigata subsp. angustifolia (Labill.) Markgr.	Asllif	Fruit	Decoction	2	[2, 26]
Arecaceae	Chamaerops humilis L.	Dum /Tiguezden / Ignadd	Root	Raw and cooked	2	[13, 17]
Arecaceae	Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.	Dum/karur	Fruit	Powder	1	[18]
Arecaceae	Phoenix dactylifera L	Tmar	Fruit	Raw and decoction	5	[12, 17, 18, 20, 23]
Aristolochiaceae	Aristolochia baetica L.	Tiswik nigrane / Berztem	Root	Powder	1	[26]
Aristolochiaceae	Aristolochia fontanesii Boiss. & Reut.	Berztem	Seed	Decoction	4	[15, 17,18,19]
Asparagaceae	Agave americana L.	Ssabra/Sayber	Leaf	Decoction	1	[17]
Asparagaceae	Asparagus albus L.	Sekkum /Azzu	Young sprouts	Raw	1	[13]
Berberidaceae	Berberis vulgaris subsp. australis (Boiss.) Heywood	Arghis/Atizar	Leafy stem	Decoction	1	[17]
Brassicaceae	Anastatica hierochuntica L.	Chajarat Maryem/lkemcha	Stem and leaf	Powder	2	[13, 18]
Brassicaceae	Brassica napus L.	Left	Rhizome	Juice	1	[18]
Brassicaceae	Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch	Elkhardel	Flower	Powder and infusion	1	[17]
Brassicaceae	Brassica oleracea L.	Krunb mkawar/melfuf	Aerial parts and fruit	Raw and maceration	4	[12, 13, 17, 18]
Brassicaceae	Brassica rapa L.	Left beldi	Root and leaf	Decoction	2	[13, 17]
Brassicaceae	Diplotaxis pitardiana Maire	Kerkaz/Elharra	Flower	Powder	2	[17, 18]
Brassicaceae	Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.	Ljerjir	Aerial parts	Juice	1	[18]
Brassicaceae	Lepidium sativum L.	Hab errechad	Seed	Maceration, decoction and infusion	7	[12, 17,18,19, 21, 24, 25]
Brassicaceae	Nasturtium officinale R.Br.	Gernunes	Leafy steem	Maceration	1	[18]
Brassicaceae	Ptilotrichum spinosum (L.) Boiss.	Aguerbaz	Stem and leaf	Decoction	1	[13]
Brassicaceae	Raphanus sativus L.	Lfjel	Root	Raw	5	[2, 12, 17, 18, 24]
Buxaceae	Buxus balearica Lam.	Azazer /lbakous	Leaf	Decoction	2	[13, 17]
Buxaceae	Buxus sempervirens L.	Lbeks	Leaf	Decoction	1	[19]
Cactaceae	Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.	Lhndia/Aknari	Stem, root and flower	Decoction, juice and powder	10	[2, 12, 13, 15,16,17,18, 20, 22, 24]
Capparaceae	Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.	Ignin	Fruit	Powder	1	[18]
Capparaceae	Capparis spinosa L.	Kabar /Taylulut	Aerial parts, fruit and root	Powder, decoction and infusion	11	[13, 14, 16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23, 26]
Capparaceae	Maerua crassifolia Forssk.	Atil/Sedra lkhadra	Leaf	Powder and decoction	1	[18]
Caryophyllaceae	Herniaria glabra L.	Hrasset lehjer	Aerial parts	Decoction	1	[22]
Caryophyllaceae	Paronychia argentea Lam.	Tahidourt n’imksaoum	Leafy stem	Infusion	1	[26]
Caryophyllaceae	Silene vivianii Steud.	Gern lebzal	Steem	Raw	1	[18]
Cistaceae	Cistus albidus L.	Boutour	Leaf	Decoction	1	[13]
Cistaceae	Cistus creticus L.	Irgel	Leaf	Decoction and powder	3	[2, 17, 26]
Cistaceae	Cistus laurifolius L.	Agullid	Seed and flower	Powder	2	[17, 26]
Cistaceae	Cistus salviifolius L.	Irgel/Tirgelt	Leaf and seed	Decoction and powder	2	[2, 17]
Colchicaceae	Androcymbium gramineum (Cav.) J.F.Macbr.	Temrate leghrab	Bulb	Infusion	1	[17]
Compositae	Achillea odorata L.	Elqorte	Leaf and flower	Infusion	1	[17]
Compositae	Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag.	Iguntas /Tagundecht	Root	Infusion and powder	1	[13]
Compositae	Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.	Ouden elfar	Leaf	Decoction	1	[17]
Compositae	Anvillea garcinii subsp. radiata (Coss. & Durieu) Anderb.	Negd	Leaf	Decoction and powder	1	[18]
Compositae	Artemisia abrotanum L.	Chih	Aerial parts	Decoction	1	[17]
Compositae	Artemisia absinthium L.	Chiba	Aerial parts	Infusion	10	[12, 14, 16, 17, 19,20,21,22,23,24]
Compositae	Artemisia atlantica Coss. & Durieu	Chih ourika	Aerial parts	Infusion	1	[17]
Compositae	Artemisia herba-alba Asso	Izri/Chih dwidi	Steam, leaf and root	Decoction and infusion	15	[2, 12, 14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]
Compositae	Artemisia mesatlantica Maire	Chih alaallssat/Chih elkhrayssi	Aerial parts	Decoction	1	[17]
Compositae	Artemisia reptans C.Sm. ex Link	Chihiya	Leaf	Decoction	1	[18]
Compositae	Centaurea maroccana Bal	Bejjaae nhal/Nogguir	Flower	Infusion	1	[17]
Compositae	Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.	Babounj	Leaf	Decoction	2	[15, 17]
Compositae	Cichorium intybus L.	Buaggad	Root	Infusion	1	[18]
Compositae	Cladanthus arabicus (L.) Cass.	Taafs	Flower	Infusion	1	[17]
Compositae	Cladanthus scariosus (Ball) Oberpr. & Vogt	Arzgi/irzgi	Flower	Decoction	1	[26]
Compositae	Cynara cardunculus L.	Kharchouf	Aerial parts	Decoction	7	[12, 15, 17,18,19,20, 22]
Compositae	Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter	Terehla/Bagraman	Leaf	Decoction	3	[13, 17, 26]
Compositae	Echinops spinosissimus Turra	Taskra	Flower	Decoction	3	[2, 15, 26]
Compositae	Inula conyza (Griess.) DC.	Terrehla	Root	Decoction	1	[17]
Compositae	Inula helenium L.	Terrehla damnatiya	Leaf and flower	decoction	1	[17]
Compositae	Lactuca sativa L.	Khes	Leaf	Raw	4	[12, 17, 21, 22]
Compositae	Launaea arborescens (Batt.) Murb.	Iferskel/Moulbna	Stem, leaf, root and flower	Powder, decoction and infusion	3	[2, 17, 18]
Compositae	Matricaria chamomilla L.	Mansania	Leaf and flower	Decoction and infusion	3	[14, 17, 24]
Compositae	Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass.	Nugd	Aerial parts	decoction	1	[17]
Compositae	Scolymus hispanicus L.	Gurnina /Taghdiut	Stem and leaf	Raw and decoction	3	[13, 17, 26]
Compositae	Scorzonera undulata Vahl	Tamtla	Flower	Raw	1	[2]
Compositae	Sonchus arvensis L.	Kettan elhench	Leaf	Infusion	1	[15]
Compositae	Sonchus tenerrimus L.	Tifaf	Leaf	Decoction	1	[18]
Compositae	Tanacetum vulgare L	Lbalssam	Stem	Infusion	1	[17]
Compositae	Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund	Lhandba	Flower and root	Decoction	1	[17]
Compositae	Warionia saharae Benthem ex Benth. & Coss.	Afssas	Leaf	Infusion and powder	2	[2, 18]
Cucurbitaceae	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.	Aferziz/lhdej	Seed and fruit	Decoction, cataplasm and powder	11	[2, 12, 13, 17,18,19, 21,22,23, 25, 26]
Cucurbitaceae	Cucumis sativus L.	Lkhiar	Fruit	Raw	6	[2, 12, 13, 17, 18, 24]
Cucurbitaceae	Cucurbita maxima Duchesne	Garaa lhamra	Leaf	Decoction	1	[18]
Cucurbitaceae	Cucurbita pepo L.	Takhsait/curjt	Fruit	Raw and decoction	5	[13, 14, 17, 18, 24]
Cupressaceae	Juniperus phoenicea L.	Araar finiqui	Leaf and aerial parts	Powder, decoction and maceration	4	[13, 17,18,19]
Cupressaceae	Juniperus thurifera L	Tawayt	Leaf	Decoction	1	[13]
Cupressaceae	Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.	Araar	Leaf and aerial parts	Infusion and maceration	9	[12,13,14,15, 17, 21,22,23,24]
Cynomoriaceae	Cynomorium coccinum L.	Tertut	Steem	Powder	1	[18]
Cyperaceae	Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla	Ssmar	Seed	Decoction	1	[17]
Cyperaceae	Cyperus rotundus L.	Tara	Leaf	Powder	1	[18]
Dracaenaceae	Dracaena draco subsp. ajgal Benabid & Cuzin	Ajgal	Stem and leaf	Decoction	1	[2]
Ephedraceae	Ephedra alata Decne.	Chdida	Leafy stem	Decoction and powder	1	[18]
Ephedraceae	Ephedra altissima Desf.	Tougel argan	Stem, leaf and wholeplant	Decoction	2	[2, 24]
Ephedraceae	Ephedra fragilis Desf.	Amater	Leafy stem	Decoction	1	[26]
Ericaceae	Arbutus unedo L.	Sasnu	Leaf and root	Decoction	5	[13, 14, 22,23,24]
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Hook. f. & Coss.) Vindt	Tikiout/Daghmouss/zakoum	Fruit, stem and leaf	Maceraion, decoction, powder and juice	4	[2, 16,17,18]
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia officinarum L	Tikiout/Daghmouss	Stem and leaf	Powder	1	[2]
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia resinifera O.Berg	Tikiwt	Leaf	A drop latex in a glass of water	4	[13, 19, 24, 26]
Euphorbiaceae	Mercurialis annua L.	Hurriga elmalssa	Leafy stem	Infusion, decoction and juice	2	[17, 18]
Euphorbiaceae	Ricinus communis L.	Awriwer/Lkharwaa	Seed	Poultice	1	[18]
Fagaceae	Quercus coccifera L.	Elqermez	Leaf	Decoction	1	[17]
Gentianaceae	Centaurium erythraea Rafn	Qusset elhayya / Ahchlaf ntawrra	Flowering and aerial parts	Infusion and decoction	4	[13, 14, 17, 22]
Iridaceae	Crocus sativus L.	Zaafran lhor	Stigma	Infusion	1	[18]
Juglandaceae	Juglans regia L.	Swak / Gargaa	Leaf and bark	Infusion and decoction	6	[13, 17, 18, 22, 23, 26]
Juncaceae	Juncus maritimus Lam.	Ssemar	Fruit and stem	Decoction	2	[17, 18]
Lamiaceae	Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.	Timerna nzenkhad/ Chndkoura	Stem and leaf	Powder and decoction	12	[2, 12,13,14,15, 17,18,19, 22,23,24, 26]
Lamiaceae	Ballota hirsuta Benth	Merrou elhrami/Merrou	Leafy stem	Decoction	1	[17]
Lamiaceae	Clinopodium alpinum (L.) Kuntze	Ziitra	Leaf	Decoction	2	[18, 25]
Lamiaceae	Clinopodium nepeta subsp. glandulosum (Req.) Govaerts	Manta	Aerial parts	Infusion and decoction	2	[14, 15]
Lamiaceae	Lavandula angustifolia Mill	Elkhzama zerqa/ Elkhzama Fassiya	Aerial parts and leafy stem	Infusion and decoction	1	[17]
Lamiaceae	Lavandula dentata L.	Timzeria/Lakhzama/ Jaada	Stem and leaf	Decoction, powder, infusion and raw	6	[2, 14, 17, 21,22,23]
Lamiaceae	Lavandula maroccana Murb.	Igazioen	Stem and leaf	Decoction	2	[2, 26]
Lamiaceae	Lavandula multifida L	Khilt lkheyl/ Kohayla	Leaf	Decoction	1	[18]
Lamiaceae	Lavandula stoechas L.	Imzeria/Tikenkert/Lhalhal	Leaf	Decoction	5	[2, 12, 13, 17, 18]
Lamiaceae	Marrubium vulgare L.	Mriwt/Ifzi	Leaf and aerial parts	Decoction and infusion	14	[2, 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, 21,22,23,24,25]
Lamiaceae	Mentha pulegium L.	Fliou	Leaf and aerial parts	Decoction and infusion	8	[2, 13, 15, 17,18,19, 21, 23, 25]
Lamiaceae	Mentha spicata L.	Nanaa/Liqama	Leaf and leafy stem	Infusion and decoction	2	[17, 18]
Lamiaceae	Ocimum basilicum L.	Lahbaq	Stem	Infusion	2	[13, 17]
Lamiaceae	Origanum compactum Benth.	Azukenni/Zaater/ Zaatar tadlawi	Stem and leaf	Decoction and infusion	8	[13,14,15, 17, 18, 21,22,23]
Lamiaceae	Origanum elongatum (Bonnet) Emb. & Maire	Zaater	Leaf	Infusion	1	[25]
Lamiaceae	Origanum majorana L.	Berdedouch	Leaf	Powder	1	[18]
Lamiaceae	Origanum vulgare L	Zaatar	Leaf	Infusion	1	[12]
Lamiaceae	Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Azir	Leaf	Powder, decoction and infusion	11	[2, 13,14,15, 17,18,19, 21,22,23, 25]
Lamiaceae	Salvia officinalis L.	Salmia	Leaf	Decoction and infusion	11	[2, 12, 13, 15,16,17,18,19, 22,23,24, 26]
Lamiaceae	Teucrium polium L.	Tawerart/Flyou lbour/jaaidia	Leaf	Decoction and powder	3	[2, 19, 26]
Lamiaceae	Thymus broussonetii Boiss.	Zietra	Leaf and stem	Infusion and maceration	1	[25]
Lamiaceae	Thymus algeriensis Boiss. & Reut.	Aduchen /Azukni / Zaitra	Stem and leaf	Decoction and infusion	1	[13]
Lamiaceae	Thymus munbyanus Boiss. & Reut	Aduchen /Azukni / Zaitra	Stem and leaf	Decoction and infusion	1	[13]
Lamiaceae	Thymus satureioides Coss.	Asserkna/ Ziitra	Leaf	Infusion, decoction, powder, and maceration	2	[2, 17]
Lamiaceae	Thymus vulgaris L.	Aduchen /Azukni / Zaitra	Leaf	Decoction and infusion	3	[2, 13, 17]
Lamiaceae	Thymus zygis L.	Aduchen /Azukni / Zaitra	Stem and leaf	Decoction and infusion	1	[13]
Lauraceae	Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl	Qarfa	Bark	Decoction	5	[13, 15, 17, 19, 21]
Lauraceae	Cinnamomum verum J.Presl	Dar essini	Bark	Maceration	3	[17, 18, 25]
Lauraceae	Laurus nobilis L.	Ourak sidna moussa/ Rand	Leaf	Infusion and decoction	2	[12, 17]
Lauraceae	Persea americana Mill.	Lavoca	Seed	Powder	4	[16, 18, 19, 25]
Leguminosae	Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile	Amur/Sllaha	Fruit	Powder	1	[18]
Leguminosae	Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.	Laalek	Gum	Powder	1	[18]
Leguminosae	Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne	Telh/Tadoute	Root, fruit and leaf	Decoction and powder	2	[17, 18]
Leguminosae	Anagyris foetida L.	Ful gnawa	Seed	Powder	1	[18]
Leguminosae	Arachis hypogaea L.	Lgerta/Kawkaw	Seed	Powder	1	[18]
Leguminosae	Ceratonia siliqua L.	Tikida/Lkharoub	Leaf and seed	Decoction, infusion and powder	6	[2, 12, 17, 18, 24, 25]
Leguminosae	Cicer arietinum L.	Lhemmes	Seed	Decoction and powder	2	[18, 24]
Leguminosae	Faidherbia albida (Delile) A.Chev.	Chok/Talh/Mimouza	Root	Decoction	1	[17]
Leguminosae	Glycine max (L.) Merr.	Soja	Seed	Maceration and raw	5	[2, 12, 20, 24, 26]
Leguminosae	Glycyrrhiza glabra L	Ark souss	Bark	Infusion	1	[25]
Leguminosae	Lupinus albus L.	Tirms/Foul gnawa	Seed	Powder, Infusion and decoction	7	[16,17,18,19, 21, 22, 24]
Leguminosae	Lupinus angustifolius L.	Ibawn dekouk	Seed	Powder and decoction	3	[2, 17, 26]
Leguminosae	Lupinus luteus L.	Kikel/Semqala	Seed	Decoction	1	[17]
Leguminosae	Medicago sativa L.	Fassa	Aerial parts and seed	Infusion, maceration and cooked	5	[12, 13, 17, 18, 24]
Leguminosae	Ononis natrix L.	Hennet reg	Leaf	Decoction	1	[18]
Leguminosae	Ononis tournefortii Coss.	Afezdad	Leaf	Decoction	1	[18]
Leguminosae	Phaseolus vulgaris L.	Lubya	Fruit	Decoction, powder and Juice	4	[13, 16,17,18]
Leguminosae	Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb	Rtam/Allug	Root and leaf	Decoction	1	[17]
Leguminosae	Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss.	Rtem	Root	Decoction	1	[20]
Leguminosae	Trigonella foenum-graecum L.	Lhelba/Tifidas	Seed	Decoction, infusion, maceration and powder	16	[2, 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]
Leguminosae	Vicia faba L.	Ful	Seed	Powder	1	[18]
Leguminosae	Vicia sativa L.	Ayn larnab	Seed	Powder	1	[18]
Leguminosae	Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek	Soja	Seed	Powder	1	[18]
Leguminosae	Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp	Ful gnawa	Seed	Decoction	1	[17]
Linaceae	Linum usitatissimum L.	Zariat elkattan	Seed	Decoction and powder	7	[2, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 25]
Lythraceae	Lawsonia inermis L.	Lhenna	Leaf	Decoction and cataplasme	2	[17, 21]
Lythraceae	Punica granatum L.	Rman	Pericarp	Decoction, infusion, and powder	8	[2, 13, 15, 17,18,19,20,21]
Malvaceae	Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench	Lmloukhia	Fruit	Maceration	2	[13, 25]
Malvaceae	Hibiscus sabdariffa L.	Karkadi/Bissam	Calyces	Infusion	3	[17, 18, 26]
Molluginaceae	Corrigiola litoralis subsp. telephiifolia (Pourr.) Briq.	Sarghina / Tawsarghine	Root	Powder	2	[13, 17]
Moraceae	Ficus carica L.	Tazart/Lkarmous/Karma/chriha/Elbakur	Fruit and leaf	Decoction	8	[2, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22,23,24]
Moraceae	Morus alba L.	Tut lbari	Leaf	Infusion	3	[13, 17, 19]
Musaceae	Musa × paradisiaca L.	Banan	Leaf	Decoction	1	[18]
Myristicaceae	Myristica fragrans Houtt.	Lgouza	Seed	Powder	1	[2]
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.	Calitus	Leaf	Decoction	1	[18]
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Calitus	Leaf and fruit	Decoction	8	[13,14,15, 17, 21,22,23,24]
Myrtaceae	Myrtus communis L.	Rihane	Leaf and fruit	Decoction and infusion	8	[13, 14, 17, 20,21,22,23,24]
Myrtaceae	Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry	Kranfal	Fruit and clove	Infusion, decoction, powder and maceration	8	[2, 14, 17,18,19, 22, 24, 25]
Nitrariaceae	Peganum harmala L.	Lharmel	Seed	Infusion and powder	7	[13, 15, 17, 20,21,22,23]
Oleaceae	Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl	Touzalt	Leaf	Infusion	2	[13, 23]
Oleaceae	Olea europaea L.	Jbouj/Azmour/Zitoun	Leaf, fruit and flower	Decoction, infusion, maceration and powder	15	[2, 12, 13, 15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]
Papaveraceae	Fumaria officinalis L.	Hachichat assebyane	Root	Decoction	1	[17]
Papaveraceae	Papaver rhoeas L.	Belaaman	Seed	Powder	3	[2, 24, 26]
Pedaliaceae	Sesamum indicum L.	Janjlan	Seed	Powder, Infusion and decoction	7	[2, 14, 18, 20,21,22, 24]
Plantaginaceae	Globularia alypum L.	Ayen lerneb/ Taselgha	Flower,l eaf and stem	Infusion and decoction	10	[13, 15,16,17,18,19, 21,22,23, 26]
Plantaginaceae	Globularia repens Lam.	Ain lernab	Leaf	Decoction	1	[12]
Plumbaginaceae	Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill.	Lgarsa	Leaf	Decoction	1	[18]
Poaceae	Avena sativa L.	Khortal	Seed	Powder, infusion and decoction	2	[13, 17]
Poaceae	Avena sterilis L.	Waskone/ Khortal	Seed	Powder	1	[26]
Poaceae	Castellia tuberculosa (Moris) Bor	Zwan lmkarkeb	Seed	Decoction	1	[17]
Poaceae	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.	Njem	Root	Decoction	1	[18]
Poaceae	Hordeum vulgare L.	Chair/Zraa	Aerial parts and seed	Infusion, powder and maceration	3	[2, 17, 18]
Poaceae	Lolium perenne L.	Eziwane	Seed	Decoction	1	[26]
Poaceae	Panicum miliaceum L.	Tafssout	Seed	Decoction	1	[17]
Poaceae	Panicum turgidum Forssk.	Umm rekba	Stem	Decoction and powder	1	[18]
Poaceae	Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.	Illan	Seed	Infusion and powder	3	[12, 17, 18]
Poaceae	Phalaris canariensis L.	Zouan	Seed and fruit	Powder, infusion and decoction	6	[2, 13, 14, 16, 17, 24]
Poaceae	Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf	Tugga	Fruit	Raw	1	[18]
Poaceae	Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench	Bachna	Seed	Infusion and decoction	3	[13, 15, 23]
Poaceae	Triticum durum Desf.	Zraa	Seed	Decoction	1	[17]
Poaceae	Zea mays L.	Lahyat Adra	Stigmas	Powder	3	[14, 24, 26]
Polygonaceae	Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.	Lhenzab	Leaf and bulb	Powder	1	[18]
Portulacaceae	Portulaca oleracea L.	Rejla	Aerial parts	Decoction	3	[12, 17, 26]
Ranunculaceae	Nigella sativa L.	Haba souda /Sanouj	Seed	Infusion, decoction and powder	15	[2, 13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam.	Nbeg/Azouggar/ssdra	Leaf, fruit and root	Decoction and powder	10	[2, 15, 17,18,19,20, 22,23,24, 26]
Rosaceae	Cydonia oblonga Mill.	Sferjel	Fruit	Raw	1	[20]
Rosaceae	Chaenomeles sinensis (Dum.Cours.) Koehne	Sferjel	Root	Decoction	2	[18, 22]
Rosaceae	Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.	Mzah	Leaf	Infusion	3	[13, 15, 23]
Rosaceae	Fragaria vesca L	Fraiz berri	Fruit	Raw	1	[22]
Rosaceae	Malus communis (L.) Poir.	Etefah	Fruit	Juice	1	[26]
Rosaceae	Prunus armeniaca L.	Luz elhar	Seed	Decoction	1	[17]
Rosaceae	Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb	Louz imrzig/ Louz morr	Seed and leaf	Raw and decoction	12	[2, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20,21,22,23,24,25,26]
Rosaceae	Rubus vulgaris Weihe & Nees	Laalig	Leaf	Powder	1	[17]
Rubiaceae	Rubia tinctorum L.	Fowwa	Root	Powder	1	[18]
Rutaceae	Citrus medica L	Lhamed beldî	Fruit	Juice and infusion	1	[17]
Rutaceae	Citrus paradisi Macfad.	Pamblamus	Fruit	Juice	1	[17]
Rutaceae	Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck	Limun	Fruit	Raw and juice	2	[12, 18]
Rutaceae	Citrus × aurantium L	Larenj/Zenbue/trunj	Leaf, fruit and flower	Juice, infusion and decoction	7	[14, 16,17,18,19,20,21]
Rutaceae	Ruta graveolens L.	Lfijel	Root	Decoction	2	[17, 18]
Rutaceae	Ruta montana (L.) L.	LFijel /Iwermi	Stem and leaf	Decoction, infusion and powder	7	[13,14,15, 17, 19, 20, 23]
Salicaceae	Salix alba L.	Salef lma	Leaf	Decoction	1	[19]
Santalaceae	Viscum album L	Lenjbar	Seed	Infusion	1	[15]
Sapotaceae	Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels	Argan	Seed	Raw and powder	8	[2, 13, 15,16,17,18, 25, 26]
Schisandraceae	Illicium verum Hook.f.	Badiana	Fruit	Decoction	1	[17]
Solanaceae	Capsicum annuum L.	Felfel Hârr/ soudania	Fruit	Raw	3	[13, 14, 18]
Solanaceae	Datura stramonium L.	Sdag jmel/Metal	Seed	Decoction	1	[18]
Solanaceae	Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.	Maticha	Fruit	Raw	2	[17, 18]
Solanaceae	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Nefha	Leaf	Decoction	1	[14]
Solanaceae	Solanum americanum Mill.	Aneb dib	Leaf	Infusion	1	[17]
Taxaceae	Taxus baccata L.	Guelguem/Aguelguimt	Root	Decoction	1	[17]
Theaceae	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze	Attay	Leaf	Infusion and decoction	6	[2, 12, 15, 17, 18, 24]
Thymelaeaceae	Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl.	Metnan	Leafy stem	Powder	2	[17, 23]
Thymelaeaceae	Thymelaea tartonraira (L.) All.	Talazazt	Leaf	Decoction	1	[20]
Thymelaeaceae	Thymelaea virgata (Desf.) Endl.	Metnan	Leafy stem	Decoction	1	[17]
Urticaceae	Urtica dioica L.	Taznagt/Tigzenin/Lhriga	Stem and leaf	Decoction and infusion	8	[2, 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 24, 26]
Urticaceae	Urtica pilulifera L.	Hurriga / Tisrakmaz	Leaf	Decoction	2	[13, 22]
Verbenaceae	Aloysia citriodora Palau	Alwiza	Leaf	Decoction and infusion	4	[14,15,16, 18]
Verbenaceae	Verbena officinalis L.	Alwiza	Leaf	Decoction	1	[25]
Vitaceae	Vitis vinifera L.	Dalya/Zbib/Kerma/Adilite	Leaf	Decoction	3	[17, 18, 20]
Xanthorrhoeaceae	Aloe succotrina Lam.	Ssabra/Siber	Leaf	Powder	5	[15, 17, 18, 21, 22]
Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm. & Viv.	Lberwag/blaluz/Tazia	Tuber	Raw	2	[17, 18]
Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.	Lehyat al aatrus/Tazya/Lberiwiga	Leaf	Decoction	1	[17]
Zingiberaceae	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Sekinjbir	Rhizome	Decoction, infusion, powder and maceration	5	[14, 15, 18, 19, 25]
Zygophyllaceae	Tetraena gaetula (Emb. & Maire) Beier & Thulin	Aagaia	Leaf, root and seed	Powder, Infusion and decoction	10	[2, 13, 14, 17,18,19,20,21,22,23]

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