Table 7 Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Some Peels and Seed Extracts

C. grandis (Pomelo) peel

Coumarins

Mice

10 mL/kg.

anti-inflammatory effect

Regulates inflammatory mediators and cytokines by suppressing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, PGE2 and TNF-α induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells

[120]

P. granatum Linn. (Lythraceae) (Pomegranate) peel

Flavonoids, tannins Ellagic acid, punicalagin, punicalin, strictinin A and granatin B

Rats and mice

50, 100 and 150 mg/kg

anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects

Antagonize the release of endogenous inflammatory mediators

[122]

C. melo var. cantalupensis and C. melo var. reticulatus (Muskmelon or cantaloupe) peel

β-carotenes, rosmarinic acid, feruloyl quinic acid and coumaroyl quinic acid

Sprague Dawley rats

25 and 50 mg/kg

anti-inflammatory activity

Significant reductions in both TNF-α (P < 0.05) and IL-1β (P < 0.001) levels. Suppressed NF-κB activation and iNOS promoter activity in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS

[118]

Pyrus spp.(Pear) peel

arbutin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and rutin

Mice

1 g/kg and 2 g/kg,

Anti-inflammatory capacity

–

[123]

H. rhamnoides (Sea buckthorn) peel and seed

Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid

Rats

500 mg/kg

Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Result suggest that the activity is most probably based on a membrane stabilizing effect caused by the inhibition of degranulation of mast cells

[121]

C. adamantium (Myrtaceae) (Gabiroba) seed and peel

flavonoids and chalcones

Rat

100 and 300 mg/kg

Anti-inflammation and pain relief

Inhibited leukocyte migration, inflammatory and neurogenic pain and oedema

[124]