International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy
Table 1 Cytokines and their role in the immunopathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Cytokine | Producer cells | Target Cell and Effect | Role in Rheumatoid Arthritis | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
TNF-α | Monocytes/Macrophages. | Pro-inflammatory action. Differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Neovascularization of the endothelium. Inhibition of regulatory T lymphocytes. | Systemic bone erosion | [24] |
IL-6 | Monocytes/Macrophages. | Macrophage activation and proliferation, with differentiation into osteoclasts. Multiplication and differentiation of T lymphocytes in the Th17 subtype. | Systemic inflammation | [25] |
IL-1α/b | Monocytes/Macrophages. | Osteoclast activation. T lymphocytes differentiation. Vasodilation. | Pro-inflammatory | [26] |
IL-17 A | Th17 lymphocytes/neutrophils | Cell proliferation. IL-6 production. Chondrocyte multiplication. Myeloid cells and neutrophil chemotaxis. Endothelial neovascularization. | Pro-inflammatory | |
IL-23 | Macrophages | Development, maintenance, and expansion of Th17 lymphocytes. Induction of IL-21/IL-22 cytokine production. | Th17 lymphocytes | [29] |
IL-21 | Th17 lymphocytes/Th2 cells/NK cells | B cell maturation. Development of plasma cells and production of antibodies. | Glycosylation of arthritogenic autoantibodies | [30] |
IL-12 | Macrophages | Differentiation of Th1 lymphocytes | Cell-mediated immune responses, Th17 cell plasticity | [31] |