African natural products with potential antioxidants and hepatoprotectives properties: a review

Lawal, Bashir; Shittu, Oluwatosin K.; Oibiokpa, Florence I.; Berinyuy, Eustace B.; Mohammed, Hadiza

doi:10.1186/s40816-016-0037-0

Clinical Phytoscience

International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy

Table 3 Antioxidants activities of Southern AfricaAfrican plants

From: African natural products with potential antioxidants and hepatoprotectives properties: a review

Plants	Family	Part used	Solvents	Assay Methods	Inhibition/EC₅₀	Country of origine	References
Acacia galpinii Butt Davy.	Fabaceae	Bark	EtOH	DPPH	16.05 μg/mL	South Africa	[46]
Acokanthera oppositifolia Lan.	Apocynaceae	Stem	MeOH	ABTS/DPPH	99.0% at 0.08 mg/mL and 70% at 1 mg/mL	South Africa	[233]
Adenia gummifera Harms.	Passifloraceae	Root	EtOAc	AChE	0.0189 mg/mL	South Africa	[234]
Adenia gummifera Harms.	Passifloraceae	Stem	MeOH	ABTS/DPPH	94.2 at 0.08 mg/mL and 60% at 1 mg/mL	South Africa	[233]
Aloe arborescens Mill.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Aloe barbadensis Mill.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Aloe ferox Mill.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Aloe ferox Mill.	Asphodelaceae	Leaf	EtOH/(CH₃)₂CO/MeOH/H₂O	DPPH	0.086/0.288/0.288/0.517 mg/mL.	South Africa	[235]
Bauhinia bowkeri Harv.	Fabaceae	Leaf	n-C₆H₁₂/CH₂Cl₂	DPPH.	11.147/5.21 μg/mL	South Africa	[236]
Bauhinia galpinii N. E. Br.	Fabaceae	Leaf	n-C₆H₁₂/CH₂Cl₂	DPPH	79.58/9.92 μg/mL	South Africa	[236]
Bauhinia petersiana Bolle.	Fabaceae	Leaf	n-C₆H₁₂/CH₂Cl₂	DPPH	47.45/8.18 μg/mL	South Africa	[236]
Bauhinia variegata Linn.	Fabaceae	Leaf	n-C₆H₁₂/CH₂Cl₂	DPPH	97.02/8.40 μg/mL	South Africa	[236]
Heteromorpha trifoliate (Spreng.) Cham & Schltdl.	Apiaceae	Leaf	CO(CH₃)₂	DPPH	4.35 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Indigofera frutescens L.	Papilionaceae	Leaf	CO(CH₃)₂	DPPH	0 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb) Harv.	Rutaceae	Leaf	CO(CH₃)₂	DPPH	4.0 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Milletia grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels.	Papilionaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	4.6 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Brachylaena discolor DC.	Asteraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	2.6 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey.	Lamiaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	3.5 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Strychnos mitis S. Moore.	Strychnaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	3.5 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Cyathea dregei Kunze.	Cyatheaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	3.0 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Apodytes dimidiate E. Mey. ex Arn.	Icacinaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	3.5 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Melia azedarach L.	Meliaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	3.3 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Clausena anisata (Wild.) Hook.f. ex Benth.	Rutaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	2.5 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Maesa lanceolata Forssk.	Maesaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	1.4 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Leucosidea sericea Eckl. & Zeyh.	Rosaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	0.0 mg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Viscum album L.	Viscaceae	Leaf	MeOH	Fe2⁺	10 mg/mL	Nigeria	[238]
Ficus capreifolia Delile.	Moraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	ABTS	0.34 TEAC	South Africa	[239]
Ficus cordata Thunb.	Moraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	ABTS	0.27 TEAC	South Africa	[239]
Ficus craterostoma Mildbr. & Burret.	Moraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	ABTS	0.66 TEAC	South Africa	[239]
Ficus glumosa Delile	Moraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	ABTS	1.29 TEAC	South Africa	[239]
Ficus lutea Vahl.	Moraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	ABTS	4.80 TEAC	South Africa	[239]
Ficus natalensis Hochst.	Moraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	ABTS	0.69 TEAC	South Africa	[239]
Ficus polita Vahl.	Moraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	ABTS	0.31 TEAC	South Africa	[239]
Ficus religiosa L.	Moraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	ABTS	0.59 TEAC	South Africa	[239]
Ficus sycomorus L.	Moraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	ABTS	1.91 TEAC	South Africa	[239]
Ficus thonningii Blume	Moraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	ABTS	0.77 TEAC	South Africa	[239]
Peltophorum africanum Sond.	Fabaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	4.67 μg/mL	South Africa	[240]
Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv.	Rutaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	138.78 μg/mL	South Africa	[240]
Clausena anisata (Wild.) Hook.f. ex Benth.	Rutaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	119.36 μg/mL	South Africa	[240]
Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br.	Fabaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	+++	South Africa	[241]
Senna italic Mill.	Fabaceae	Root	MeOH	DPPH	++	South Africa	[242]
Combretum vendee	Combretecacea	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH	+	South Africa	[243]
Rhoicissus tridentate Wild & Drum	Vitaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	2.5 TEAC	South Africa	[244]
Baphia racemosa (Hochst) Baker.	Fabaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH/ABTS	210.69/195.10 μg/mL	South Africa	[245]
Crotalaria capensis Jacq.	Fabaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH/ABTS	195.26/207.09 μg/mL	South Africa	[245]
Erythrina caffra Thunb.	Fabaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH/ABTS	268.6/173.28 μg/mL	South Africa	[245]
Lonchocarpus nelsii (Schinz) Heering & Grimme.	Fabaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH/ABTS	247.70/134.64 μg/mL	South Africa	[245]
Virgilia divaricata Adamson.	Fabaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH/ABTS	271.58/150.57 μg/mL	South Africa	[245]
Indigofera cylindrical L.	Fabaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH/ABTS	22.31/41.39 μg/mL	South Africa	[245]
Xylia torreana Brenan.	Fabaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH/ABTS	16.90/14.56 μg/mL	South Africa	[245]
Podalyria calyptrata (Retz.) Willd.	Fabaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH/ABTS	35.21/36.66 μg/mL	South Africa	[245]
Dalbergia nitidula Baker.	Fabaceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH/ABTS	9.31/21.30 μg/mL	South Africa	[245]
Maytenus peduncularis (Sond) Loes.	Celastraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂; n-C₆H₁₂	DPPH/ABTS/OH	1.88/8.65/23.92 μg/mL	South Africa	[246]
Maytenus procumbens (L.f.) Loes.	Celastraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂; n-C₆H₁₂	DPPH/ABTS/OH	3.56/4.03/107.69 μg/mL	South Africa	[246]
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell.	Celastraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂; n-C₆H₁₂	DPPH/ABTS/OH	6.71/5.34/146.30 μg/mL	South Africa	[246]
Maytenus undata (Thunb)	Celastraceae	Leaf	CO (CH₃)₂; n-C₆H₁₂	DPPH/ABTS/OH	3.89/7.89/80.68 μg/mL	South Africa	[246]
Eriosema robustum Baker.	Fabaceae	Twig	EtOH	DPPH	1.84 mg/mL	South Africa	[247]
Mormodica balsamina L.	Cucurbitaleae	Aerial parts	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	200 μg/mL	South Africa	[248]
Senna italica Mill.	Fabaceae	Aerial parts	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	120 μg/mL	South Africa	[248]
Cassia abbreviata Oliv.	Fabaceae	Stem bark	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	<7.8 μg/mL	South Africa	[248]
Waltheria indica L.	Malvaceae	Aerial parts	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	80 μg/mL	South Africa	[248]
Tinospora fragosa (I. Verd.) I. Verd & Troupin	Menispermaceae	Aerial parts	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	430 μg/mL	South Africa	[248]
Gymnospora buxifolia (Eckl. & Zeyl.) Loes.	Celastraceae	Aerial parts	CO (CH₃)₂	DPPH	40 μg/mL	South Africa	[248]
Combretum apiculatum Sond.	Combretaceae	Leaf	EtOAc/BtOH	DPPH	3.91/2.44 μg/mL	South Africa	[249]
Aloe sessiliflora Pole- Evams.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Amaranthus asper	Amaranthaceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO/MeOH/H₂O	DPPH/ABTS	72.5, 53.5 and 46.0%/96.5, 61.8 and 79.1% at 0.05 mg/mL	South Africa	[250]
Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell.	Amaranthaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS	App 50/75%	South Africa	[48]
Amaranthus spinosus L.	Amaranthaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS	0.16 mmol TEAC/g	South Africa	[47]
Anchusa capensis Thunb.	Boraginacee	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Annona senegalensis Pers.	Annonaceae	Bark	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Apodytes dimidiate E. Mey. Exarn	Icacinaceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO	DPPH	3.5 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Arbutus unedo L.	Ericaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Aspalathus linearis (N.L.Burm.) R. Dahlgr.	Leguminosae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	3.5 ± 0.5 μg/mL	South Africa	[46]
Barleria albostellata C.B. Clarke.	Acanthaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Barleria repens Nees.	Acanthaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Berkheya setifera DC.	Asteraceae	Corn	MeOH	DPPH/H₂O₂	2 335/55 μg/mL	Lesotho	[251]
Bidens Pilosa L.	Asteraceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO/MeOH/H₂O	DPPH	95.7, 94.2, 91.7%, at 1 mg/mL	South Africa	[252]
Bidens pilosa L.	Asteraceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS	12.10/0.057 mmol TEAC/g	South Africa	[47]
Brachylaena discolor DC.	Asteraceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO	DPPH	2.6 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Broussonetia papyrifera L.	Moraceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Buxus macowanii Oliv.	Buxaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze	Theaceae	Tea	MeOH	DPPH/H₂O₂	1 440/75 μg/mL	Lesotho	[251]
Carpobrotus edulis L.	Mesembryanthemaceae	Leaf	H₂O/EtOH	DPPH/ABTS/NO	0.018 and 0.016/0.020 and 0.022/0.05 and 0.023 mg/mL,	South Africa	[253]
Carpobrotus edulis L.	Azioaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Cassia abbreviate Oliv.	Caesalpinioidaeae	Bark/Leaf/Root	MeOH	DPPH.	86/85/85%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Celtis Africana Burm. F.	Ulmaceae	Leaf/Stem	MeOH	DPPH	64.95/89.69% at 0.1 mg/mL	South Africa	[254]
Ceratonia siliqua L.	Leguminosae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Chenopodium album L.	Amaranthaceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO/MeOH/H₂O	DPPH	62.4, 87.2 and 81.7% at 1 mg/mL	South Africa	[252]
Chenopodium album L.	Chenopodiaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS	App 60/70%	South Africa	[48]
Clausena anisaa (Wild.) Hook. F. ex Benth.	Rutaceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO	DPPH	2.5 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Clerodendrum glabrum E. May.	Lamiaceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO	DPPH	3.5 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Combretum apiculatum Sond.	Combretaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	1.6 ± 0.02 μg/mL	South Africa	[46]
Combretum molle R. Br. ex G. Don.	Combretaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	9.83 ± 0.8 μg/mL	South Africa	[46]
Corchorus olitarius Engl & Diels.	Tiliaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS	17.11/0.04 mmol TEAC/g	South Africa	[47]
Cotyledon orbiculata L.	Crassulaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Crinum bulbispermum (Burm.f) MilneRedhead & Schweick.	Amaryllidaceae	Root	EtOAc	AChE	0.0393 mg/mL	South Africa	[234]
Cryptocarya woodii Engl.	Lauraceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Cyathea dregei Kuntze.	Cyatheaceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO	DPPH	3.0 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Dahlia imperialis Roezl.	Asteraceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Datura stramonium Wall.	Solanaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Dichrostachys cinerea Wight & Arn.	Leguminosae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Dichrostachys cinerea Wight & Arn.	Mimosaceae	Leaf/Root	MeOH	DPPH.	88/27%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Diospyros lycioides Desf.	Ebenaceae	Twig	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Dodonaea viscose Mart.	Sapindaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Elaedendron matabelicum	Celastraceae	Root	MeOH	DPPH.	87%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Elephantorrhiza goetzei Harns.	Leguminosae	Root	MeOH	DPPH.	85%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Erythrophleum lasianthum Corbishley.	Leguminosae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Euclea divinorum Hiern.	Ebenaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Euclea natalensis A.Dc	Ebenaceae	Root	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Felicia muricata Nees.	Asteraceae	Leaf	MeOH/(CH₃) ₂CO/EtOH	DPPH	70/410/120 μg/mL	South Africa	[173]
Flacourtia indica Merr.	Flacourticaceae	Leaf/Root	MeOH	DPPH.	94/82%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Galenia africana L.	Aizoaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	90.92 ± 1.2 μg/mL	South Africa	[46]
	Asclepiadacae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Gomphocarpus fruticosus R. Br.	Greyiaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Greyia flanaganii Bolus.	Greyiaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	7.9 ± 0.23 μg/mL	South Africa	[46]
Greyia sutherlandii Hook & Harv.	Celastraceae	Leaf/Root/Twig	MeOH	DPPH.	90/96/87%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Gymnosporia senegalensis Loes.	Anacardiaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	2.6 ± 0.21 μg/mL	South Africa	[46]
Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss.	Apiaceae	Leaf	(CH₃) ₂CO	DPPH	4.36 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Heteromorpha trifoliate Eckl & Zeyh.	Myrtaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Heteropyxis natalensis	Euphorbiaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Hyaenanche globosa Lamb.	Hydnoraceae	Leaf	MeOH	NO/DPPH/ABTS	60%/80%/95% at 0.05 mg/mL	South Africa	[255]
Hydnora Africana Thunb.	Hypoxidaceae	Tuber	MeOH	DPPH.	86%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch.	Papilionaceae	Leaf	(CH₃) ₂CO	DPPH	0 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Indigofera frutescens L.F.	Meliaceae	Bark/Root	MeOH	DPPH.	96/87%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Khaya anthotheca C. DC.	Bignoniaceae	Bark/Fruit/Root	MeOH	DPPH.	81/85/45%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.	Ranunculaceae	Root	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Knowltonia vesicatoria Sims.	Anacardiaceae	Root	MeOH	ABTS/DPPH	0.0036/0.0151 mg/mL	South Africa	[234]
Lannea schweinfurthii Engl.	Rosaceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO	DPPH	0.0 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Leucosidea sericea Eckl. & Zeyh.	Rosaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/H₂O₂	850/68 μg/mL	Lesotho	[251]
Leucosidea sericea Eckl. & Zeyh.	Verbenaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS	14.62/0.015 mmol TEAC/g	South Africa	[47]
Lippia javanica Spreng.	Maesaceae	Leaf	(CH₃) ₂CO	DPPH	1.4 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Maesa lanceolata G. Don.	Magnoliaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	−	South Africa	[46]
Magnolia grandiflora ex Dc.	Meliaceae	Leaf	(CH₃) ₂CO	DPPH	3.3 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Melia azedarach Blanco.	Papilionaceae	Leaf	(CH₃) ₂CO	DPPH	4.6 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Millettia grandis Jkeel.	Myrsinaceae	Stalk	EtOH	DPPH	−	South Africa	[46]
Myrsine Africana L.	Chrysobalanaceae	Bark	EtOH	DPPH	−	South Africa	[46]
Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth.	Geraniaceae	Leaf/Root	MeOH	ABTS/DPPH	100%/90% at 0.5 mg/mL	South Africa	[256]
Pelargonium reniforme Spreng.	Geraniaceae	Leaf/Root	MeOH	ABTS	100% at 0.025 mg/mL	South Africa	[256]
Pelargonium reniforme Spreng.	Fabaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH	19.8% at 2.5 mg/mL	South Africa	[257]
Philenoptera violacea Klotz sch.	Piperaceae	Root	MeOH	ABTS/DPPH	0.040/0.044 mg/mL	South Africa	[234]
Piper capense L.F.	Polygalaceae	Leaf/Stem	MeOH	DPPH	20% at 2500 μg/mL	Lesotho	[251]
Polygala virgate Vell.	Ranunculaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	24.7 ± 2.05 μg/mL	South Africa	[46]
Ranunculus repens Watson.	Anacardiaceae	Leaf/Root	MeOH	DPPH.	96/96%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Rhus chirindensis Baker.	Anacardiacae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	−	South Africa	[46]
Rhus lancea L.f.	Euphorbiaceae	Leaf	MeOH/n-C₆H₁₂/CH₂Cl₂/(CH₃) ₂CO	ABTS	784/629.3/573.6 and 544.6 \( \mu \)g/mL	South Africa	[258]
Ricinus communis L.	Polygonaceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO/MeOH/H₂O	DPPH	72.1, 97.7,85.3%	South Africa	[259]
Rumex ecklonianus Meisn.	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	EtOAc	AChE	0.0003 mg/mL	South Africa	[234]
Scadoxus puniceusL.	Fabaceae	Stem bark	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS/H₂O₂/LO/NO	87.5%,89.47%,77.15%, 86.48% and 77.75% at 0.5 mg/mL	South Africa	[260]
Schotia latifolia Jacq.	Anacardiaceae	Bark	EtOH	DPPH	2.06 ± 0.03 μg/mL	South Africa	[46]
Sclerocarya birrea Hochst.	Anacardiaceae	Bark	MeOH	DPPH.	89%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Sclerocarya birrea	Polygalaceae	Root	MeOH	DPPH.	93%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.	Sapotaceae	Bark	EtOH	DPPH	−	South Africa	[46]
Sideroxylon inerme L.	Solanaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS	App 35/60%	South Africa	[48]
Solanum nigrum L.	Asteraceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO	ABTS/DPPH	97.8%/85.6 at 1 mg/mL	South Africa	[261]
Sonchus asper Hill.	Asteraceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO	ABTS/DPPH	99.4%/56.1% at 1 mg/mL	South Africa	[261]
Sonchus oleraceus L.	Menispermaceae	Stem bark	MeOH	SOD/H₂O₂	13.11/30.04 μg/mL	South Africa	[80]
Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre.	Loganiaceae	Bark	H₂O	DPPH/H₂O₂/ABTS/NO	0.739/0.023/0.089/0.49 mg/mL	South Africa	[262]
Strychnos henningsiib Gilg.	Strychnaceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO	DPPH	3.5 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Strychnos mitis S. Moore.	Boraginaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	-	South Africa	[46]
Symphytum officinale	Asteraceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS	13.99./0.012 mmol TEAC/g	South Africa	[47]
Tagetes minuta L.	Cucurbitaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS	2.93/0.03 mmol TEAC/g	South Africa	[47]
Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F.	Combretaceae	Leaf/Root	MeOH	DPPH.	89/89%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Terminalia sericea Carnbess.	Combretaceae	Root	MeOH	ABTS/DPPH	0.0031/0.0147 mg/mL	South Africa	[234]
Terminalia sericea Carnbess.	Fabaceae	Leaf/Stem	MeOH	DPPH	14% at 2500 μg/mL	Lesotho	[251]
Trifolium burchellianum Serr.	Alliaceae	Root	EtOAc	AChE/ABTS/DPPH	0.0319 mg/mL	South Africa	[234]
Tulbaghia violacea Har v.	Alliacea	Rhizome	MeOH	DPPH/H₂O₂	35,19.3/17.9 μg/mL	South Africa	Olorunnisola et al., 2011 b
Tulbaghia violacea Har v.	Alliaceae	Rhizome	Oil	DPPH	83.0 μg/mL	South Africa	[263]
Tulbaghia violacea Har v.	Urticaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH/ABTS	App 45/75%	South Africa	[48]
Urtica lobulata E. Mey.	Fabaceae	Leaf	MeOH	ABTS	0.95 mmol TEAC/g	South Africa	[47]
Vigna unguiculata L.	Cancellaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH	111 ± 2.5 μg/mL	South Africa	[46]
Warburgia salutaris Chiou.	Canellaceae	Bark/Leaf/Root/Twig	MeOH	DPPH.	73/87/94/89%	Zimbabwe	[51]
Warburgia salutaris Chiou.	Fabaceae	Leaf	MeOH	DPPH	2.5 mg/mL	South Africa	[257]
Xanthocercis zambesiaca	Apocynaceae	Root	EtOAc	DPPH	0.0005 mg/mL	South Africa	[234]
Xysmalobium undulatum R. Br.	Rutaceae	Leaf	(CH₃)₂CO	DPPH	4.0 μg/mL	South Africa	[237]
Zanthoxylum capense Har v.	Rutaceae	Leaf	EtOH	DPPH		South Africa	[46]
Zanthoxylum capense Har v.	Rutaceae	Root	MeOH	AChE/ABTS	0.01/0.075 mg/mL	South Africa	[234]
Zanthoxylum davyi P.G. Waterman.	Rhamnaceae	Root	MeOH	ABTS/DPPH	0.0187/0.0291 mg/mL	South Africa	[234]

Key: RSA radical scavenging activity, RC reducing power capacity, OH hydroxyl ion, NO nitric oxide radical inhibition, H ₂ O ₂ hydrogen peroxide inhibition activity, LPO lipid peroxidation inhibition activity, ABTS ⁺ 2,2′-azinobis-3–ethylbenzothiozolin-6–sulfonic acid cation decolourization test, ß-CLAMS ß-carotene-linoleic acid model system, SORSA superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (SORSA), MLP microsomal lipid peroxydation, FRAP fe²⁺ chelating ability and ferric reducing antioxidant properties, DPPH 1,1–dipheyl-2–picry-hydrazyl, ORAC oxygen radical absorbance capacity, TEAC trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, MeOH methanol, CH ₂ Cl ₂ dichloromethane, EtOH ethanol, EtOAc ethyl acetate, n-C ₆ H ₁₂ hexane, (CH₃)₂CO acetone, H ₂ O aqueous, BtOH butanol

Back to article page