Adhikari M, Thapa R, Kunwar RM, Devkota HP, Poudel P. Ethnomedicinal uses of plant resources in the Machhapuchchhre rural municipality of Kaski district, Nepal. Medicines. 2019;6(69). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6020069.
Shrestha N, Shrestha S, Koju L, Shrestha KK, Wang Z. Medicinal plant diversity and traditional healing practices in eastern Nepal. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;192:292–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.067.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith KF, Goldberg M, Rosenthal S, Carlson L, Chen J, Chen C, Ramachandran S. Global rise in human infectious disease outbreaks. J R Soc Interface. 2014;11. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0950.
Sudhir H, Torwane NA, Pankaj G, Chandrashekhar BR, Gouraha A. Role of Unani system of medicine in management of orofacial diseases : a review. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(10):ZE12–5. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/8335.5018.
Article
Google Scholar
Mosihuzzaman M. Herbal medicine in healthcare-an overview. Nat Prod Commun. 2012;7(6):807–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700628.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. J Nat Prod. 2016;79:629–61. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01055.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Othman L, Sleiman A, Abdel-Massih RM. Antimicrobial activity of polyphenols and alkaloids in middle eastern plants. Front Microbiol. 2019;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00911.
Barbieri R, Coppo E, Marchese A, Daglia M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM. Phytochemicals for human disease: an update on plant-derived compounds antibacterial activity. Microbiol Res. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2016.12.003.
Lin D, Xiao M, Zhao J, Li Z, Xing B, Li X, Kong M, Li L, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Chen H, Qin W, Wu H, Chen S. An overview of plant phenolic compounds and their importance in human nutrition and management of type 2 diabetes. Molecules. 2016;21. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21101374.
Tungmunnithum D, Thongboonyou A, Pholboon A, Yangsabai A. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects : an overview. Medicines. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030093.
Coates AR, Halls G, Hu Y. Novel classes of antibiotics or more of the same ? Br J Pharmacol. 2011;163:184–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01250.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Alanis AJ. Resistance to antibiotics : are we in the post-antibiotic era ? Arch Med Res. 2005;36:697–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.06.009.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems. 2004.
Najmi AK, Pillai KK, Pal SN, Akhtar M, Mujeeb M, Aftab A. Neuropharmacological safety evaluation of jigrine: a polyherbal hepatoprotective formulation. J Pharm BioAllied Sci. 2010;2:329–32. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.72134.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tangahu BV, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M. A review on heavy metals (as, Pb, and hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. Int J Chem Eng. 2011;2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161.
Alam M, Khan M, Khan A, Zeb S, Khan MA, Amin N u, Sajid M, Abdul Mateen K. Concentrations, dietary exposure, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in market vegetables of Peshawar, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess. 2018;190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6881-2.
Chibuike GU, Obiora SC. Heavy metal polluted soils : effect on plants and bioremediation methods, vol. 2014; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708.
Book
Google Scholar
World Health Organisation. Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials World Health Organization Geneva. 1998; https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41986.
Google Scholar
Stanojkovic-Sebic A, Pivic R, Josic D, Dinic Z, Stanojkovic A. Heavy metals content in selected medicinal plants commonly used as components for herbal formulations. J Agric Sci. 2015;21:317–25.
Google Scholar
Tripathi M, Sikarwar RLS. Some traditional herbal formulations of Chitrakoot region, Madhya Pradesh. India Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2013;12:315–20.
Google Scholar
Paul R, Datta AK. An updated overview on Solanum xanthocaprum schrad and wendl. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm. 2013;2:730–5.
Google Scholar
Govindan S, Viswanathan S, Vijayasekaranz V, Alagappan R. A pilot study on the clinical efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum and Solanum trilobatum in bronchial asthma. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;66:205–210. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00160-3.
Heble MR, Narayanaswami S, Chadha MS. Diosgenin and beta-Sitosterol: isolation from Solanum xanthocarpum tissue cultures. Science. 1968;161(3846):1145. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.161.3846.1145.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beisler JA, Sato Y. The chemistry of carpesterol, a novel sterol from Solanum xanthocarpum. J Organomet Chem. 1971;36(25):3946–50. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00824a022.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kusano G, Beisler J, Sato Y. Steroidal constituents of Solanum xanthocarpum. Phytochemistry. 1973;12:397–401.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Nithya M, Ragavendran C, Natarajan D. Antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity of a medicinal plant Solanum xanthocarpum. Int J Food Prop. 2018;21(1):313–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2017.1409236.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bhutani KK, Paul AT, Fayad W, Linder S. Apoptosis inducing activity of steroidal constituents from Solanum xanthocarpum and Asparagus racemosus. Phytomedicine. 2010;17:789–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.01.017.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Upadhye AS, Kumbhalkar BB, Deshpande AS. Macro-microscopic evaluation and HPTLC-densitometric analysis of solasodine from fruits of some medicinally important species in genus Solanum Linn. Indian J Nat Prod Resour. 2012;3:166–72.
Google Scholar
Prashith Kekuda TR, Raghavendra HL, Rajesh MR, Avinash HC, Ankith GN, Karthik KN. Antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antiradical activity of Solanum virginianum l. (solanaceae). Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017;10:163–7. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i11.20180.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Govindan S, Viswanathan S, Vijayasekaranz V, Alagappan R. Further studies on the clinical efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum and Solanum trilobatum in bronchial asthma. Phyther Res. 2004;18:805–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1555.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gupta RK, Hussain T, Panigrahi G, Das A, Singh GN, Sweety K, Md F, Rao CV. Hepatoprotective effect of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against CCl4 induced acute liver toxicity in experimental animals. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4:964–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60227-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hussain T, Gupta R, Sweety K, Khan MS, Hussain MS, Arif M, Hussain A, Faiyazuddin M, Rao. CV. Evaluation of antihepatotoxic potential of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against antitubercular drugs induced hepatopathy in experimental rodents. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(6):454–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60075-6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Poongothai K, Ponmurugan P, Ahmed KSZ, Kumar BS, Sheriff SA. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of Solanum xanthocarpum leaves (field grown & in vitro raised) extracts on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4(10):778–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60193-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hussain I, Rehman S. Ur, Amin R, Khan FU, Chishti KA. Phytochemical composition and heavy metals contents of Xanthium stramarium and Solanum xanthocarpum. World Appl Sci J. 2010;10(3):294–7.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kumar S, Sharma UK, Sharma AK, Pandey AK. Protective efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum root extracts against free radical damage: phytochemical analysis and antioxidant effect. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2012;58(1):174–81. https://doi.org/10.1170/T938.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Teerakun M, Reungsang A, Virojanakud W. Phytoremediation of carbofuran residues in soil. Environ Hazardous Manag. 2004;26.
Zhang QW, Lin LG, Ye WC. Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products : a comprehensive review. Chin Med. 2018;13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x.
Artwell K, France N, Florence K. Investigation of some metals in leaves and leaf extracts of Lippia javanica: its daily intake. J Environ Public Health. 2017;2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1476328.
Phuyal A, Ojha PK, Guragain B, Chaudhary NK. Phytochemical screening, metal concentration determination, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial evaluation of Drymaria diandra plant. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2019;8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-019-0020-1.
Jenkins SG, Schuetz AN. Current concepts in laboratory testing to guide antimicrobial therapy. Clin Proc. 2012;87(3):290–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.01.007.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Subba B, Srivastav C, Kandel RC. Scientific validation of medicinal plants used by Yakkha community of Chanuwa VDC, Dhankuta, Nepal. Springerplus. 2016;5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-1821-5.
Morrissey J, Guerinot ML. Iron uptake and transport in plants : the good , the bad , and the ionome. Chem Rev. 2009;109(10):4553–67. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900112r.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
El-Jaoual T, Cox DA. Manganese toxicity in plants. J Plant Nutr. 1998;21(2):353–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169809365409.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Adie GU, Adekunle A. Evaluation of potentially toxic metal contamination of local medicinal plants and extracts sold in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Heal Pollut. 2017;7(14):23–9. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-7.14.23.
Article
Google Scholar
Nardeli JV, Fugivara CS, Taryba M, Pinto ERP, Montemor MF, Benedetti AV. Tannin: a natural corrosion inhibitor for aluminum alloys. Prog Org Coat. 2019;135:368–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.05.035.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Latté KP, Kolodziej H. Antifungal effects of hydrolysable tannins and related compounds on dermatophytes, mould fungi and yeasts. Z Naturforsch C. 2000;55:467–72. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-5-625.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marrelli M, Conforti F, Araniti F, Statti G. Effects of saponins on lipid metabolism: a review of potential health benefits in the treatment of obesity. Molecules. 2016;21(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21101404.
Prakash V. Terpenoids as source of anti-inflammatory compounds. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017;10(3):68–76. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.16435.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Huang M, Lu JJ, Huang MQ, Bao JL, Chen XP, Wang YT. Terpenoids: natural products for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012;21(12):1801–18. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2012.727395.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kostova I, Bhatia S, Grigorov P, Balkansky S, Parmar VS, Prasad AK, Saso L. Coumarins as antioxidants. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(25):3929–51. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986711803414395.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Al-Amiery AA, Al-Majedy YK, Kadhum AAH, Mohamad AB. Novel macromolecules derived from coumarin: synthesis and antioxidant activity. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):11825. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11825.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hegazi NM, Sobeh M, Rezq S, El-Raey MA, Dmirieh M, El-Shazly AM, Mahmoud MF, Wink M. Characterization of phenolic compounds from Eugenia supra-axillaris leaf extract using HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and pain killing activities in vivo. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):11122. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46946-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Winter AN, Bickford PC. Anthocyanins and their metabolites as therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative disease. Antioxidants. 2019;8(9):333. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090333.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Singh K, Kumar Y, Puri P, Sharma C, Aneja KR. Metal-based biologically active compounds: synthesis, spectral, and antimicrobial studies of cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc complexes of triazole-derived Schiff bases. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2011;2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/901716.