International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy
Table 4 In silico Physicochemical and ADMETa Parameters of flavonoids with highest binding affinities on interacting with PLpro of SARS-CoV-2
Properties | Licorice | Ugonin M | Procyanidin | Silymarin | Gallocatechin gallate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formula | C42H62O16 | C25H24O7 | C30H26O13 | C25H22O10 | C22H18O11 |
Molecular weight (g/mol) | 822.93 | 436.45 | 594.52 | 482.44 | 458.37 |
Num. heavy atoms | 58 | 32 | 43 | 35 | 33 |
Num. arom. heavy atoms | 0 | 17 | 24 | 18 | 18 |
Fraction Csp3 | 0.86 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.14 |
Num. rotatable bonds | 7 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Num. H-bond acceptors | 16 | 7 | 13 | 10 | 11 |
Num. H-bond donors | 8 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 8 |
Molar Refractivity | 202.84 | 123.23 | 147.52 | 120.55 | 112.06 |
XLOGP3 | 2.80 | 3.39 | 1.95 | 1.90 | 1.17 |
Lipinski violation* | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
Water Solubility | |||||
 Log S (ESOL) | -6.24 | -4.94 | -4.90 | -4.14 | -3.56 |
 Solubility (mg/ml) | 4.69 × 10–04 | 4.98 × 10–03 | 7.42 × 10–03 | 3.46 × 10–02 | 1.27 × 10–01 |
 Class | Poorly soluble | Moderately soluble | Moderately soluble | Moderately soluble | Soluble |
ADMET | |||||
 GI absorption | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 BBB permeant | No | No | No | No | No |
 P-gp substrate | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
 CYP1A2 inhibitor | No | No | No | No | No |
 CYP2C19 inhibitor | No | No | No | No | No |
 CYP2C9 inhibitor | No | Yes | No | No | No |
 CYP2D6 inhibitor | No | No | No | No | No |
 CYP3A4 inhibitor | No | No | No | Yes | No |
 Log Kp (cm/s) (skin permeation) | -9.33 | -6.56 | -8.54 | -7.89 | -8.27 |
 hERG Channel Blockers | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Ames Mutagenicity | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Positive |
H-HT | Negative | Positive | Negative | Negative | Negative |